Anthropology in relation to Disney’s “A Bug’s Life” Essay

When seeing Disney’s A Bug’s Life with the basic eye of an anthropologist, it is difficult to really accept that it is a children’s film. This film is a prologue to the unpredictable universe of human sciences and it’s ideas. One discovers components of culture in various lights all through this film. A Disney showstopper will be demonstrated in this paper to interest the more youthful crowd, however it will confirm the way that the manner in which people work is so effortlessly depicted, even in the least complex personal conduct standards. As the film opens, the ants are planning for the happening to the insatiable grasshoppers by filling a leaf with food items. For this food assortment the ants stack the food following a straight line in a steady progression until a harvest time leaf drops to the ground isolating one subterranean insect from the line. This creates mass turmoil and confusion. The ants learned conduct made them lose their poise and permitted them to break the division of work. Had the ants not been so set in their â€Å"assembly line† ways, they probably won't have had the difficult they did. Flik (the principle character of the film) holds knowledge like none of different ants in the creation. He thinks carefully instead of scholarly conduct so as to attempt to help the state. His various creations are progressed, yet still foul enough to turn out badly. Different ants disapprove of his disparities demonstrating ethnocentrism at it’s best. Inside their own way of life, Flik is looked downward on. One could see Flik’s knowledge as a transformation of the subterranean insect province, yet a far superior model is that of the grasshopper’s insane change known as Thumper. Thumper is utilized to alarm the ants significantly more. His terrorizing factor is utilized against the ants so they will work more diligently and quicker to pacify the innate grasshopper’s needs. Flik, being past that of his kindred ants, goes up against the chain of importance of his kin to make a solicitation that he navigate to the city looking for â€Å"warrior bugs† to spare the province unequivocally from the large, terrible, grasshoppers. Subsequent to accepting endorsement, he embarks for the city not comprehending what toâ expect or who to experience. By having the option to leave the state on his own through and through freedom, Flik demonstrates he is versatile and ready to think uninhibitedly for himself. His kindred ants look on in astonishment as Flik starts his excursion. The other ants’ social limitations didn't permit them to even genuinely process what he was doing. The ants couldn't see passed the untouchable of leaving the island, and subsequently, were adhered to the island and unfit to intellectually drive themselves away. After entering the city, it is made quickly evident the tremendous measure of sub-societies that twist all through. Flik is shocked and isn't mindful of what precisely is happening. He is not the same as the others since he is a backwoods folk. He is from the nation and doesn't have a clue about any better than his nation kid ways. Social relativism is appeared here, as he isn't acknowledged for his convictions and activities in the city. Numerous things separate him from the city culture in one more case of ethnocentrism against Flik. Indeed, even language makes Flik unmistakable from different bugs and he is to some degree careful about what he is doing. Tragically his judgment isn't entirely there and he picks carnival bugs over warrior bugs to return and spare his kin. This disarray shows Flik’s urban inability and how effectively it tends to be for one sub-culture to be mixed up with another. Fortunately enough for Flik, he was a further developed subterranean insect and not the kind of â€Å"noble savage† the remainder of his province may be mistaken for. He is happy to step up to the plate and arrive at the spot he needs to go. When Flik restores the unconscious â€Å"warrior bugs† to the settlement, he is met with commendation and adoration (similar to the â€Å"warrior bugs†). The â€Å"warrior bugs† start to acknowledge what they are engaging in and they become terrified. Before long, they start to go along and value the settlement and their value to the ants of the state. This reconciliation of culture is the fundamental explanation that the insurgency the ants would before long create worked. Another case of sub-culture in this film is that of the queen’s most youthful little girl and her companions. They structure a club that depends on youth blamelessness yet can do well for the entire province. Without the work theyâ did, the ant colony dwelling place probably won't have been spared. In the wake of picking up the trust and winning the assistance of the â€Å"warrior bugs†, the ants can start their upheaval. This transformation contains a lot of development in it. The ants can drop their scholarly conduct so as to meet up and fabricate the mammoth feathered creature that will drive away the grasshoppers and make all the difference. Cooperating and breaking custom, everything winds up working until the remainder of the settlement finds the genuine character of the warrior bugs. This prompts inconvenience again for Flik, yet all winds up working out. Social relativism is seen again toward the finish of play when the diverting grasshopper Molder leaves his clan so as to remain with the â€Å"stronger and smarter† gathering of carnival bugs. He likewise follows Darwin’s natural selection idea in wanting to go with the better arrangement. There are instances of individual variety also all through the whole film. Flik is the best model in that he is the primary â€Å"individual† of the province. His perspectives are discrete from any other individual and he endeavors to improve things for his kin. Every single one of the bazaar bugs has a solid feeling of singularity. It is their disparities to their own caring that unites them to frame their gang. What's more, regardless of what circumstance they are brought into, they are exceptionally individual from the bigger gathering they are near. The grasshopper’s were a gathering who rehearsed and acknowledged a solid summed up correspondence from the ants. The ants drudged the entire day attempting to assuage the malice one’s cravings, and received nothing consequently. Container (malicious pioneer of the grasshoppers) made void guarantees about the ants losing their state in the event that they weren’t â€Å"protected† by the grasshoppers. In any case, this would all be demonstrated something else, when the ants understood their latent capacity and saw that they outnumbered the grasshoppers 10 to 1. Reaching this resolution is the thing that genuinely permitted the ants the break their scholarly conduct and protect themselves. The distinction in the way of life of the ants and the grasshoppers is something different of enthusiasm for this film. The grasshoppers are a languid culture that depends upon anybody however themselves to accomplish work. The ants then again, are diligent employees. They not just play out the food assembling every year for them, however they do what's needed for the grasshoppers also. They try sincerely and long not understanding that they don't need to work for the grasshoppers as well. The grasshoppers rely on the way that the ants don't have a clue about any better and expectation it remains that way. Fortunately for the ants, Flik’s knowledge is past that of the grasshoppers and it prompts transformation. In contrast with that of people, Flik is a key human rights lobbyist. He is solid about the desire of the individuals and the opportunity of his kindred insect. His otherworldly quality is past that of anybody (even the sovereign of the province) and he winds up compensating for the entirety of the slip-ups he makes en route. A Bug’s Life not just satisfies anthropological hopes, it satisfies youth amusement purposes. Its uncanny and smooth blend is of grant merit. Taking the best instances of culture and its segments, Disney can place that into a straightforward setting that anybody can comprehend and identify with. Under the basic eye of an anthropologist, this film not just fulfills guidelines, it makes it’s own. Kids will learn human sciences because of films like this even before they can articulate the word.

Al Qaeda Network Free Essays

Al qaeda the ‘terrorist network’ and Osama receptacle Laden have completed a muddled ‘media crusade and ‘public relations’ in the course of the most recent 10 years (qtd. in Bevy, 2006). As Bevy (2006) excerpted, â€Å"’terrorism-analyst’ imagine that these correspondences have been expected to draw out ‘emotional reactions’ and banter mind boggling ‘political messages’ to an overall watchers just as to express masses in the ‘Islamic world’, the U. We will compose a custom exposition test on Al Qaeda Network or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now S., Asia, and Europe.† Various expert and authorities consider that ‘Al Qaeda’s messages’ hold signs that advise and teach agents to prepare for and perform new assaults. Receptacle Laden has alluded to his ‘public-statements’ as huge boss hotspots for parties in journey to know Al Qaeda’s political requests and philosophy. Osama canister Laden’s familiarities as a ‘financier’ and ‘logistical-coordinator’ for the Arab and Afghan battle to the ‘Soviet-Invasion’ of Afghanistan all through the 198os are considered to have provided setting for his rule that ‘Muslims’ can acquire significant ‘military action’ persuaded by ‘Islamic principles’ (Bevy, 2006). As indicated by Bevy (2006), his contact to the methods of reasoning of ‘conservative Islamist-scholars’ in Saudi Arabia and his work with the Arab extremist in Afghanistan offered the ideological and philosophical establishment for his standard in light of a legitimate concern for ‘puritanical Salafist Islamic-reform’ in Muslim social orders and the need of ‘armed resistance’ in the face of ‘perceived aggression’ †a thought Al-Qaeda has since associated with an ordinarily restricting ‘Islamic principle’ perceived as â€Å"defensive-jihad† (qtd. in Bevy, 2006). Following a couple of years after he started setting up Arab volunteers to discard ‘Soviet forces’ from ‘Afghanistan’, receptacle Laden had a ‘vision’; the moment had come, he educated his companions, to begin a ‘global jihad’, or’ Islamic sacred war’, in against to the abnormal ‘secular-governments’ of the ‘Muslim Middle East’ and ‘Western-powers’ that looked after them (New York Times, 2001). Canister Laden, the ‘Saudi’ millionaire’, would use his campsites in Afghanistan to get ‘holy-warriors’ from aroundâ€the-world †who had consistently followed ‘local goals’ †and consider them along with a ‘international-network’ which would wrestle to pass on all Muslims under a ‘militant-version’ of ‘Islamic law’. At some phase in the ‘anti Soviet jihad’ Bin-Laden and his soldiers have been given American and Saudi subsidizing; various ‘analysts’ think Bin-Laden himself had ‘security-training’ from the C.I.A. (BBC, 2004). Following the ‘Iraqi-invasion’ of Kuwait, Bin Laden explained these examinations in protection from the start of ‘foreign military-forces’ to Saudi Arabia. Canister Laden represented the nearness of non-Muslim soldiers and U.S. in Saudi Arabia following 1991 Gulf-War as explanation behind changed responsibility to ‘defensive jihad’ and the support of viciousness against the United States and Saudi government. What is Al Qaeda? Any number of speculations has been progressed regarding the starting points of the name â€Å"Al Qaeda†, from a reference to a PC record uncovering the characters of Arab veterans of the Afghanistan struggle (the database), to Osama canister Laden’s claimed innovative home office, somewhere down in the mountains of Afghanistan (the mystery base), drawings of which †amazing however totally imaginary †were delivered by the American media when U. S. tasks started in October 2001 (Chaliand Blin, 2007). The name Al Qaeda, which in a flash turned into the focal point of the media consideration following the August 1998 U. S. government office bombings had since a long time ago had legendary status. As indicated by Chaliand and Blin (2007) Osama canister Laden himself had added to the riddle encompassing the name by never articulating it before the occasions of September 11. The groups’ pioneers, in their inner interchanges, as a rule alluded to it as â€Å"the society†, a universally impartial designation. Actually, it was ‘Abdallah Azzam who had named the association; in 19888, the primary indications of a Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, ‘Azzam concluded that he would not disband the Army of Arab volunteers he had made four years sooner however would utilize it to embrace an a lot vaster crucial re-victory of the Muslim world (Chaliand Blin, 2007). Keeping that in mind, he required a standing vanguard of warriors to fill in as pioneers of the umma; he begat the term al-qaeda al-sulbah (the strong base) for this, which was additionally the feature of a publication he wrote in al-Jihad in 1988. The most effective method to refer to Al Qaeda Network, Papers

How to Deal With Divorce Without Failing at Work

How to Deal With Divorce Without Failing at Work Sometimes, we encounter situations that threaten to bring our entire lives crumbling down. If you have been through the devastation that is divorce, you understand this intimately.When you meet someone you click with, that you cherish and want to be with for the rest of your life, the feeling is magical.You then get married, and the more you live with them, the more they become a part of you.Regardless of the nature of your marriage (unless it was a totally toxic marriage), and as cliché as this might sound, the two of you become one heart, you become extensions of each other.You can think of divorce as cutting that one heart in half. You were one, but now you have just been ripped apart, and that hurts a lot.The pain and the trauma from a divorce is so severe that it’s almost impossible for it not to leak into other areas of your life and affect all your other relationships.If you are not careful, it might even start affecting your work and how you relate with your bosses, collea gues, customers, and other people you interact with at the workplace.The trauma from the divorce might also take its toll on your productivity and the quality of your work.Some people might go to the other extreme and become workaholics â€" drowning their pain in work â€" and that isn’t good either.In today’s article, we are going to take a look at how to deal with divorce and at least get a grip on yourself while you are at work to ensure your productivity and workplace relationships don’t suffer.TAKE A FEW DAYS OFFIn the days following your divorce, when the wound is still raw, your pain is extreme.During this period, it can be very difficult to concentrate on your work because your heart is still in anguish.Naturally, your mind is going to be assailed with dark thoughts of guilt, regret, or anger.In such a state, you won’t be able to focus on interacting with clients or completing projects.For some, divorce comes with depression or at least an acute case of melancholy.If your job requires that you interact with others on a daily basis, it might prove impossible to go out there and smile at people when you are sick with distress.In such situations, it is okay to take a few days off for some emotional recovery. While work is important, self-care is also important because you are a human being, not a machine.Unlike a robot, you are emotionally and psychologically vulnerable.Taking some vacation days off work after the divorce can help your refocus, plan your future, figure things out.You can then return to work with a clear plan of action, instead of just trudging through each work day, trying to put on a smile while you are dying inside.ACKNOWLEDGE, ACCEPT, HEAL, MOVE ONIgnoring physical pain is a recipe for disaster. The same is true for emotional pain.The emotional wounds we try to cover up end up rearing their heads again in future and causing much more damage in our lives.For instance, there is the guy at work who looks okay, but he’s struggling with an alcohol addiction.Having drinks after work was a way for him to escape his pain, but it turned into a habit he is now unable to give up.In extreme cases, he might even have a bottle of whisky in his desk at work which he sips from during work hours. Dealing with such addictions becomes another challenge that they have to deal with, on top of the initial trauma.There are many people who develop addictions after going through something like divorce. These addictions usually develop as a way of covering up for the pain they are feeling.Later on, the addiction becomes toxic and affects other areas of their life, including their work life. They start coming to work late, untidy, intoxicated, disorganized, or they miss work altogether.To avoid falling into such addictions, don’t ignore or try to repress your feelings after going through something like a divorce. What we bury has a way of growing stronger within us and then one day exploding.When we ignore emotional pain, the pa in grows inside us, corroding our souls, and gradually leaks its toxic influence on various aspects of our lives and causes even greater problems and heartache, sending us down a slippery slope that can be difficult to come out of.After the divorce, have the courage to acknowledge your pain. Don’t fill your free time with endless activities just so you don’t have to face your pain or think about your situation.It’s okay to sit and think things through, write in a journal, talk to a close friend or a psychiatrist, and so on.Anything that allows you to face the truth of your divorce, acknowledge it, accept it, heal from it, and acquire the mental/emotional resources to move on, in that order.Note, however, that there is a morbid, self-indulgent, kind of introspection, which dwells on your hurt â€" that is not what we are talking about.It’s not about fixating on what you did wrong and spending all your time wishing you could go back in time and change what happened.It is about acknowledging that mistakes were done, acknowledging and accepting that the divorce has happened, and then picking your lessons and moving forward.AVOID RUMINATING After the divorce, you will note a tendency in yourself to ask questions such as “why?” or “what if?”This is ruminating, and it is not at all helpful. No matter how much you obsess over what happened, thinking about it won’t fix it.This may seem to clash with our previous point, but allow me to explain the difference. In the previous point, I said that you should acknowledge, accept, heal, and move on. Note that the emphasis is on progress.When you ruminate obsessively, however, you are not accepting, you are not healing, and you are certainly not moving on.You are just indulging in a feedback loop of self-pity and self-loathing. It’s not healthy.Do not think about your divorce just for the sake of thinking about it. Think with the end goal of healing and moving on.That’s why when you have to think about you r divorce, instead of asking questions such as “why?” and “what if?” you should ask questions such as “what next?” or “what do I do next?” or “what’s the plan?”Such questions force you to think of a post-divorce future. In fact, they force you to acknowledge, accept, and motivate you to move on. They force you to start planning for the future. They make you realize that though you have just had a divorce, the world is not over.There is still more to life. There is your work, your family, your friendships, your hobbies, your career goals, and so on.All these are things that need your attention, and becoming aware of them can help you cope as you realize that although you have lost something, you haven’t lost everything.Unless your introspection is systematic and geared towards moving on, you will lose control of your thoughts and end up feeling bad about yourself, with nothing gained.Looking towards the future, on the other hand, helps reduce some of the feeli ngs of disillusionment or hopelessness.Think of it as planting a seed. Thinking is like planting seeds in your mind. Thinking about the future in positive terms plants a seed that can help motivate you to move on with your life.PRACTICE GRATITUDE“Gratitude? How can I be grateful when I have just gone through a divorce?” This is what you are probably asking yourself, right? Well, let me explain.Think about a situation in the movies where a character loses a job they loved, a relationship, or something else that defined them. After losing this thing, they seem to have lost their spirit.They get dejected and become unkempt, looking like someone who just crawled out of wreckage. When they speak, they are thoroughly pessimistic. You might hear them say that they just lost everything.As someone watching the movie, you probably get dumbfounded by this statement. You can see all that the character has going for them in their lives.They usually still have people who care about them, but in their fog of defeat and self-pity, they can’t see what they have or who they have. All they can see is what they have lost.Does that sound familiar?In all such cases, if you look carefully, you will note one unifying theme: they lost something that defined them. In other words, it felt to them as if they had lost themselves.Having lost that thing or person that defined them, they felt lost, rudderless, helpless, and hopeless.Doesn’t that sound exactly like what happens when one goes through a divorce?As we said in the introduction, loving and living with someone for a long time makes them a part of you.You are so in sync that you can tell what the other person is thinking, feeling, or how they would react to situations.When you undergo a divorce, the divorce splits you in two, and that’s why it’s so devastating.It’s like having a body part cut off without anesthesia â€" the emotional/psychological equivalent of that.Just like that the people in the movie, you have lost something/someone that defined you, and now you feel completely lost and rudderless.Like them, you feel like you have lost everything.However, just like the people in the movie, you are wrong.You still have a lot going for you. You have your job, career goals, friends, family, pet, kids, and so on.As difficult as this might sound, you have to actively make yourself reflect on the things you should be thankful for.Do you know that it is impossible to be grateful when you are in a negative mood, and equally impossible to be in a negative mood when you are feeling grateful?If you don’t believe us, test it. With this in mind, you should use gratitude as a hack to positive thinking.Negative thoughts focus your attention on what you lack, what you have lost. Gratitude directs your attention towards what you do have.I am not asking you to lie to yourself that everything is alright and whip up false emotions of positivity. Far from it â€" in fact, I am asking you to be more realistic.Thin king that you have lost everything is the lie. Acknowledging that you still have much to be thankful for in your life is simply a means to bring back emotional/psychological balance.If you don’t know how to start, get a notebook and call it your gratitude notebook.Every night before you go to sleep, or every morning before you start your day, or whenever you are free during the day, or whenever you are feeling particularly negative, write down the things in your life you are grateful for.There is always something to be grateful for, even if it’s something as simple as the roses in your garden blooming, or the fact that you are still alive.CLOSE THE CHAPTER GRACEFULLYThis might be the hardest thing I am going to ask of you, but it has to be done.You have to release your partner now that you are divorced. When I say release, I mean releasing them emotionally.If you are angry at them, that means you are still grasping onto them in your heart.Contrary to what most of us believe, for giveness is not about letting the other person off the hook. In fact, forgiving somebody is more healing for us than it is for them.When you hold on your bitterness against someone inside your heart, it eats you and slowly corrodes your soul. It makes you a vengeful, bitter, ugly person, and totally warps your mind.This can have workplace repercussions when you start to hold grudges and vendettas against your colleagues, customers, or boss.Just as you can train yourself to be a grateful person, you can also train yourself to be a forgiving one. Forgiving your partner is about moving on.Meet with them and talk â€" as amicably as possible.No matter how what or how much you said about each other or did to each other during the divorce process, especially if it went to court, try your best to end your relationship on a mutually respectful note.So long as you are angry at each other, neither of you will be able to move on, and your anger at each other will spill into all your future rela tionships, whether romantic, with friends, in the family, or even at work.Closing the chapter is not just about forgiveness. It is also about acceptance.Sure it’s possible that the two of you could get back together again (though unlikely), but for the moment it is assumed that your marriage is over.To hold on to the hope of getting back together is a cruel thing to do to yourself. It prevents you from moving on.When you see them move on with their life and start seeing other people, it will really hurt. It’s best to accept that what has happened has happened, pick up the pieces, and move on with your life.Instead of thinking of it as an end of something, why don’t you think of it as the beginning of something new? It could be the beginning of a new life, a new adventure.The possibilities are limitless.HAVE A SUPPORT NETWORKIsolating yourself is the worst thing you can do after a divorce. When you pull away from others, that’s when you start to ruminate and to ask destructiv e questions, playing unhelpful scenarios on your head.To avoid this, you must have a support network to lean on when things go sideways. These are people who will listen to you nonjudgmentally and slowly guide your healing process.Unfortunately, not all of us have truly close friendships. Furthermore, our friends can desert us in times of stress.In addition, the friends that do stay on may be the judgmental â€" friends who encourage our anger and hatred against our partner. Such friends may be fun normally, but when you are going through a bad patch like a divorce, that’s not what you need.You need a friend who will listen to you nonjudgmentally, without giving negative opinions, friends who will help you heal and move on.Sometimes all you need is someone to listen to you without judging either you or the person you are talking about.Few people are able to give you this kind of safe space.That’s why you should look for divorce support groups in your area, if they are any. If the re aren’t, you can always join a divorce support group on social media â€" they are many.If possible, look for a local one, especially one that organizes meet ups for the members to interact and share their stories.Such groups provide a safe and open space where divorced people can open up without fearing judgment. In such a group, you are free to be vulnerable.Furthermore, many of the people in such groups have more experience than you in dealing with divorce and may give you great advice on what to do or not do to make the process easier for yourself.REDEFINE YOURSELFOne of the main reasons why people find it difficult to move on after a divorce is the fact that we often define ourselves by our relationships, especially marriage.When they fall apart, we no longer know who we are.As we have shown before in this article, perspective is everything is everything when it comes to surviving a divorce.Adopting a different attitude can make all the difference and free you from a lot of pain.Instead of looking at it as losing your identity, now that you are no longer part of a couple, look at it as an opportunity to redefine yourself. Who are you going to be now?In other words, don’t look back â€" look forward.There are many ways to put this in practice.For instance, you can develop a new hobby â€" maybe take pottery classes, start writing or dancing.Alternatively, you could starting learning a new work related skill, one that will make you more valuable at the work place.You can go out and start meeting new people, and I do not mean romantically.Make new friends.These new friends don’t know you from before your divorce, and therefore will always look at you as the person you are post-divorce.They don’t have a pre-divorce memory of you to compare with. They will therefore accept you as you are now and love you for who you are.You too will learn to love the new you through their nonjudgmental eyes.DON’T LET YOUR DIVORCE BECOME AN EXCUSE AT WORKWhether or not it’s appropriate to tell your boss or colleagues that you went through a divorce will depend on the type of relationship you have.For instance, if you have a more open work environment, where members of your family are free to attend company events, it might be necessary to let them know.Anyway, if you decide to let them know, take care that you don’t overdo it. Don’t be confessional.Don’t go into the details, as a workplace is not the environment for discussing the intimate details of your marriage.You can leave it at the bare minimum of just alerting them that you are no longer married. Informing your boss and colleagues ensures that awkward situations don’t happen â€" like someone sending a holiday card or gift basket addressed to you and your partner.Whatever you do, don’t let your divorce become an excuse for poor performance at work.That’s why you should avoid going into the details. When you go into detail, it makes you a victim. The victim mentality makes you seek sympathy from others.When you do something wrong, like coming in late, the victim mentality leads you to thinking that everyone will understand you are going through a hard time.Try as much as possible to maintain clear boundaries between your work and personal life. These boundaries are there to protect you.They ensure your divorce doesn’t spill into your workplace and ruin your reputation or career prospects.Fortunately, if you will have gone through the other steps described above, it will be much easier to maintain the boundaries between your work and personal life.WRAPPING IT UPDivorce is one of the toughest things you can go through on an emotional level.It’s literally the death of something â€" a relationship that defined you and meant so much to you. Post-divorce, it is normal to grieve over what we have lost.Unfortunately, this grieving process can spill onto other aspects of our lives.If we are not careful, the bitter feelings that we carry in our heart can poison our other relationships and ruin our performance at work.I hope that the strategies shared in this article have enlightened you on what to do to avoid falling apart at work following a divorce.

The Bay Of Pigs During The Cold War - 1558 Words

The Bay of Pigs was a failed invasion by the United States to overthrow the communist government in Cuba run by the infamous Fidel Castro. The CIA-operated campaign attempted to use Cuban exiles as a Guerilla army in hopes of conducting a secret invasion. The objective was to remove the Cuban leader and establish a non-communist government that would benefit the United States. President John F. Kennedy, Commander in Chief during this time, wanted to prove to China, Russia, and even pessimistic Americans that he was determined to win the Cold War. Unfortunately, the campaign was extremely underprepared, which led to a disastrous outcome with Castro’s troops having the aggressors pinned on the beach under heavy fire. Soon after, the exiles surrendered in less than a single day of fighting, making the assault widely known as the CIA’s â€Å"perfect failure†. This topic was selected because the Cold War era intrigues me greatly; there is an abundance of covert operat ions, heightened tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as technological competitions such as the space race. The Bay of Pigs ties into all of this, which led to the Cuban missile crisis, causing one of the closest calls in history in regards to nuclear war. The information found for this paper is from sources including the History Chanel website, the JFK Library, the CIA website, and the United States History website. The Bay of Pigs was initiated in the 1950’s after Cuban nationalist, FidelShow MoreRelatedJohn F. Kennedy Gave the Order for the Bay of Pigs Invasion1100 Words   |  4 Pagesthey didn’t expect was that Cuba would put up a fight. The Bay of Pigs invasion was a deciding factor in the Cold War that gave Cuba and the Soviet Union strength, and decreased morale and confidence in the Americans. 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The standoff, known as the Cuban Missile Crisis, is the closest the world has come to nuclearRead MoreEssay about Ss310 Unit 2 Assignment - Cold War1 015 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 2 Assignment – Cold War Tezra Lee Kaplan University The Cold War represents the disputes between the Soviet Union and the United States, and may be the most noteworthy political issue of the late 20th Century. The Cold War was a very political issue because it influenced foreign policies, impacted our economy, and even affected Presidential elections. The United States was worried that the Soviet Union would extend communism throughout Europe with its power and control over smaller andRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Was A Twenty Day Crisis923 Words   |  4 Pagesplacement of nuclear missiles in Cuba by the Soviet Union and the caused concern for the United States due to the closeness of Cuba. This placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba was due to the failed Bay of Pigs fiasco and Cuba’s need for protection against the United States invading in the future. The Bay of Pigs was a failed mission of the United States that happened in April of 1961. The United States wanted to overthrow the communist leader Fidel Castro, but was ultimately defeated within just threeRead MoreEssay about The Cuban Missile Crisis756 Words   |  4 Pagesevents contributing to the Cuban Missile Crisis. The main cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis was the cold relationship between the two great superpowers: America and Russia. This had been going on since the start of the 19th century and had worsened during the Cold War. The Soviet Union had always been communist and America always anti-communist. During the Cold War America had wanted to stop the spread of communism, they also gave Aid to any capitalist countriesRead MoreThe Presidential Issues of the Sixties and Seventies778 Words   |  3 Pagesliberalism. It was also a time of war, a time when certain crises became major factors in American culture and people wanted to absolve the violence to make a better way of life. In 1960, John F. Kennedy became the President of the United States. Kennedy was a young man with a vision and he wanted to forge a New Frontier for the American people. During Kennedy’s time as President there were many issues that arose, such as, the construction of the Berlin Wall, the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban MissileRead MoreFrom The Dropping Of The Atomic Bombs On Japan In 19451498 Words   |  6 Pagesspent billions of dollars during the Cold War period on foreign policies of containment, but is criticized that these strategies were ineffective in containing the spread of communism. In 1946, The Long Telegram, put forth by the father of the containment theory, George F. Kennan, stated that in order to defeat Soviet communism the U.S. must to thwart the spread of communism throughout the world. Therefore, the success of the United States’ foreign policy of containment during the 1960s can be measuredRead MoreWhat Major Events in the Cold War Caused Fidel Cas tro to Side with the Soviet Union Super Power?805 Words   |  4 PagesWhat major events in the Cold War caused Fidel Castro to side with the Soviet Union Super Power? In the 1960’s the world was largely dominated by the Cold War which was a long period of tension and hostility that only occasionally broke out into open warfare. This conflict was caused by the rivalry of two superpowers - the United States and the Soviet Union and emerged after the Second World War. Both super powers had different ideologies - the United States was a capitalist democracy, whereas

KLEIN Surname Meaning and Family History

Similar to the English surname Little, Klein is  a  descriptive surname often bestowed on someone of short or petite stature. The name derives from  the German klein or Yiddish kleyn, meaning little. The klein root is also  often found used as a surname to distinguish a younger man of the same name, usually a son, in names such as Kleinhans and Kleinpeter. Alternate Surname Spellings:  CLEIN, CLINE, KLINE, KLEINE Surname Origin: German, Dutch Where is the KLEINSurname Most Common? According to surname distribution data from Forebears, Klein is a very  common surname in Germany where it ranks as the countrys 11th most popular surname. It is also common in Israel, where it ranks 23rd and the Netherlands, where it ranks 36th.   WorldNames PublicProfiler  indicates that within Germany, Klein is  most common in Saarland, followed by Rheinland-Pfalz. Its also very common in the Germany-bordering regions of France, including Alsace and Lorraine. Surname maps from Verwandt.de indicate that the Klein surname is present in the largest numbers in western Germany, in places such as Kà ¶ln, Rhein-Sieg-Kreis, Saarlouis, Stadtverband Saarbrà ¼cken, Siegen-Wittgenstein, Rhein-Erft-Kreis, and Oberbergischer Kreis, as well as in the cities of Berlin, Hamburg and Munich.   Famous People with the KLEIN Last Name Yves Klein - French painter and sculptorLawrence Klein  - American economistCalvin Klein  - American fashion designerJacob Theodor Klein  - German botanist, zoologist and politicianEmanuel Edward Klein - Croatian-born bacteriologist Genealogy Resources for the Surname KLEIN Little/Klein/Cline/Kline Y-Chromosome ProjectThis DNA project includes over 85 members with the surnames Little, Klein, Kline, or Cline interested in working collaboratively to combine genealogy research with DNA testing to sort out Little family lines. German Surname Meanings and OriginsUncover the meaning of your German last name with this guide to surname meanings and origins from Germany. How to Research German  AncestryLearn how to research your German family tree with this guide to genealogical records in Germany, including birth, marriage, death, census, military and church records. Klein Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Klein  family crest or coat of arms for the Klein surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   KLEIN  Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Klein surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Klein genealogy query. FamilySearch - KLEIN  GenealogyExplore over 3.9  million  historical records which mention individuals with the Klein surname, as well as online Klein family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Klein  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Klein  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. DistantCousin.com - KLEIN  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Klein. The Klein  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Klein  from the website of Genealogy Today. ----------------------- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Construction Business Memo Free Essays

The contract value for this project will be for a guaranteed maximum price of $). All work will be completed as required in the modified General Conditions and the Standard Form of Agreement for a Guaranteed Construction has great interest in this project because it is a design of steel base construction we are familiar with. The design is ambitious and will be a great addition to the campus. We will write a custom essay sample on Construction Business Memo or any similar topic only for you Order Now We are familiar with this type of space frame, base isolation design as it was recently implemented in the Lab project for which we were the General ContractorConstruction Manager. This project was successful through the involvement of the construction management team in the preconstruction process. A constant exchange of ideas determined the best fabrication and erection practices and team members were able to agree upon major cost and constructability issues. We propose for this project with the stipulation that we are highly involved in preconstruction process. On a site with such grade slope, shoring, erection and accessibility are complex issues that require strategic planning. Our project and field teams understand base isolator design constructability and will be able to fficiently and safely implement the product per the desired outcomes of To prepare to build a facility being constructed on a narrow steep slope between a road and adjacent buildings we will need to grub and clear the hillside, construct a retaining wall and begin excavation for the concrete pier foundations. This ensures the safety of the general public using the road and will provide the stability needed in a steep hillside. Construction will anticipate and schedule crane picks of steel and material to mitigate partial road closures. Supports will be temp welded to the oundations while the steel is being erected to counter uplift. This is a hazard characteristic of a raised deck structure that many overlook. BIM (Building Information Modeling) will be a valuable tool throughout this project. The facility’s design complexity will require a great deal of precise prefabrication. Each structural member of the base frame must be aligned perfectly and this task alone requires innovation. Our pre construction team worked very closely with the design team on our Lab project and the dividends were countless. We encountered one single misalignment in the space frame base which happened to be a flaw n fabrication. The use of BIM proved to not only save costs in time and material but was a means of checks and balances in terms of insuring engineering integrity of the structure itself. Our team is well suited for and recently experienced this preconstruction collaboration. The project will be a testament to the dedication has to pushing design and innovation to its limit. Construction offers the calculated construction techniques needed to safely and smoothly execute these leading edge designs. Please contact myself or our offices with any questions. We patiently await your response. How to cite Construction Business Memo, Essay examples

Debut Albums and Dear Friends free essay sample

Honorable Chief Guest of the day, distinguished guests for the occasion, teachers, parents and all my dear friends, this day 1 5th August of every year is a golden day engraved In the history of the world. We got freedom on this date and it Is a day worth a celebration. When we celebrate It hoisting the flag, playing our National Anthem with enthusiasm, distributing sweets, we need to seal back Into the past to remember and pay homage to the builders of our nation. My dear friends, we were he privileged lot to have been born in free India. We were able to breathe the fresh free air since our birth. If at all we want to know the pangs of agony of being slaves under a foreign rule, we must ask our elders born before 1947. It was indeed a Himalayan task for every Indian those days to fight against those powerful giants the British rulers. We will write a custom essay sample on Debut Albums and Dear Friends or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We must not allow those hard times and struggles fade away from our memories.Hence it is befitting for us to celebrate such National festivals and call those heroic deeds of our National heroes. We remember them today. Right from Mahatma Gandhi to the local patriotic leaders we owe our gratitude. When we regard those martyrs who laid their precious lives for our sake, we must not Ignore the common people who sacrificed their lot for the good cause. There were farmers, land lords, businessmen, teachers, writers, poets and students who helped the land achieve the long cherished freedom.

How to Update WordPress Safely

Why would I update my WordPress site? I like it the way it is now! youre thinking.Well, your site might be safe for now but there are lots of monsters under the bed just waiting to attack it in the future. Thats why updating your WordPress site safely should be  one of the 10 WordPress commandments for everyone.Specifically:Why should I update my site?There are a couple of items that make this list, which will probably help you understand why updating really matters:Security. The WordPress platform faces lots of bugs, vulnerabilities, and hacks daily. Each one can be more or less dangerous. It depends  whether youre having good or bad luck. However, with each WordPress update, a number of bugs are always fixed and a number of security holes are patched, effectively making it harder for anyone to break into your site.New features and functionalities are added to each newly released version. Whether its completely new stuff, or just making the old stuff work better, those updates bring a lot of improvements. They will not only ease your work as a website owner, but will also improve your visitors experience.Speed.  Each new release comes with optimizations geared at making your website faster. Who wants a slow site anyway?Compatibility with modern tools and technology. Technology evolves so fast that its hard to keep up but WordPress somehow does. And some modern plugins require you to be on the newest version of the WordPress core in order to use them.If youre still not convinced that the update is essential, this resource will give you even more reasons why you shouldnt wait any longer.How to update my WordPress site safely?Okay, updating your site is easy, it takes 5 or 10 minutes tops.Here are the steps you should follow:1. Back up your siteBy backing up your site, you will make sure that your content is stored somewhere safe, so it wont be affected by the update. And in case anything goes wrong, you can always restore the old version of your site fr om the backup.There are lots of WordPress backup plugins  out here that will handle things for you on autopilot. So right now, proceed to install your plugin of choice, and then back up your files, database, themes, plugins, and uploads.Lets take BlogVault as an example to illustrate how backing up is done.Note. If BlogVault seems a bit too expensive ($7.4 / month), there are some alternatives available. Particularly, the new options in the Jetpack plugin allow you to take advantage of daily backups, one-click restores, spam filtering, and 30-day backup archive for the price of $3.50 / month. Quality-wise, Jetpack has everything you could need.After installing the main BlogVault plugin, go to the plugins section in the wp-admin, sign up to the service, and youll have the BlogVault dashboard on the screen right away.Add your site by clicking this button:After adding the site, click on Backup Now:Once the backup is done, click on History from the same menu to see all your backups.Yo u can download the backup to your computer or upload it to an off-site storage (I like to use Dropbox for that).2. Turn caching offIf you have any caching plugins enabled, turn them off during the update.Caching modifies the way your website works on the back-end, which will have an impact  on its performance, and who knows what else.3. Update your themes and pluginsJust like WordPress itself gets frequent updates, plugins do too (even more frequently). So first, update your themes and plugins.Lets start with the plugins.Go to your wp-admin and click on the button recommending you to update WordPress:There, youll see a list of all your plugins that need an update too. Select them all and click on Update Plugins:Return to that same WordPress update page, and do the same for themes. (By the way, make sure your plugins have been updated successfully. You should see an appropriate message when you come back.)Heres the panel for updating themes:Note. Theres also a second  way of upda ting your plugins and themes.Go to your wp-admin dashboard and click on Plugins (the sidebar menu). There, youll see a list of all your plugins. Those that are out of date will come with a message notifying you of the update available:Click on update now for each plugin thats outdated.Do the same for themes. Go to Appearance Themes (the sidebar menu again), and the themes list will appear. Check if your current theme is updated. If not, youll see something like this:Click on Update Available and then on update now:4. Update the WordPress coreIts funny how updating WordPress itself is actually the easiest and quickest step in the whole process.So, to update the WordPress core safely, you just need to click one single button. Which is:At this point, your site is  using the latest WordPress version!5. Turn the caching back onSince you disabled the caching mechanism before the upgrade, its time to reactivate it.6. Check if everything is okayNow your site is updated, but its a good id ea to browse around and make sure that things are in order.Go through your pages and posts to see if they are displayed properly. You dont really need to check every small detail, just take a general look.7. Back up your site againIf everything went well, you can back up your site again, just to have the most up-to-date version saved somewhere safe.Its very important to keep any major changes to your sites structure under control and always have the most recent image of the site backed up. If youre using Jetpack for backups, for example, you get a 30-day archive of all your backups, so reverting back to a previous one will not be a problem if anything should go wrong.So this is how you can update your WordPress site safely. At first, it might seem a bit difficult to go through all those steps, but the second time around youll be able to do it in less than 5 minutes. Be honest, when was the last time you updated your WordPress site, your plugins and themes?Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips. * This post contains affiliate links, which means that if you click on one of the product links and then purchase the product, well receive a small fee. No worries though, youll still pay the standard amount so theres no cost on your part.

Hunting and Gathering vs Sedentary Living Essay Example

Hunting and Gathering vs Sedentary Living Essay Example Hunting and Gathering vs Sedentary Living Essay Hunting and Gathering vs Sedentary Living Essay Gathering and Hunting Vs. Sedentary Living There are many events in the past that changed the course of history. The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution marked the transition between gathering and hunting to sedentary lifestyles. There were benefits to this change that have lasted until societies today. As well as benefits, there were also costs that effected people’s lives. The role of men and women shifted and things were slowly started changing to a world that is much like society today. Moving from gathering and hunting to sedentary living had its advantages. One of the advantages was the increase in their writing system. Writing was needed to keep track of the new flow of records coming in. As civilizations began to grow and thrive more people needed to be accounted for and these records needed to be recorded. It got to the point where the prehistoric pictures and murals weren’t enough. The civilians used symbols to account for the needs of the town. The creation of writing is beneficial also because it makes it possible for societies today to be aware and knowledgeable of the way that life was before them. It was also possible for laws to be set for the town’s people to see, and abide by them. One example of this is Hammurabi’s Code. Hammurabi’s Code was posted in the town and people were able to access it. The code set up rules for an ordered society. An ordered society was beneficial because since people were now becoming settled, there were new interactions that were unusual people didn’t know how to act around these situations. â€Å"Law codes give us an idea of a people’s sense of justice and notions of code† (Reilly 58). It also shows us how past societies, especially early civilizations lived their daily lives and kept order. There were other benefits of transitioning to a sedentary lifestyle such as the creation of centralized governments. Creating these governments along with the codes enforced order in the society and ensured the safety of the citizens. Another benefit was the creation of irrigation systems and farming. Farming is an imperative need to societies. People get their produce from farming. The creation of the irrigation system helped transfer the water from the surrounding rivers to the town so that they can farm crops. Also, the creation of stone tools helped make it easier to tend these crops. These tools also helped weave clothing and other needs for the new civilizations. The development of farming also was useful for domestication. By the villagers having an ordered way of growing and collecting food, the animals got drawn to the crops so they are easier to capture and tame. Farming also led to people settling down. People no longer had to go elsewhere to look for crops and herbds because they grew them in the community. Along with benefits, there were costs to moving to a sedentary lifestyle. For example, it changed people’s lifestyles. As gatherers, people were able to move freely and do as they please. There was nobody to tell them what to do such as leaders and tyrants. Once civilizations started to form everything had to be in order so there were changes. People were being told what to do and they suddenly didn’t have the opportunity to be nomads. This made it hard to adjust to third new society. As shown in the movie N! ai, the Story of a ! Kung Woman, this led to sickness in the village. People were dying left and right. Settling down also led to the introduction of slavery. People were set into social classes and people of the lower class were forced to do the labor that the upper-class didn’t want to do. Slavery was not here when there were Hunter- Gatherers because one more hand meant one more mouth to feed. They did things for themselves. There were also issues of social class. Citizens were classified by their occupation and what they could bring to the community. The commoners or lower class people with the less respected jobs ere always treated differently no matter what it was. With this shift in society also came the change of the status of men and women. Before settlement women held power and respect. People respected them because they were responsible for the farming which was the main way of acquiring food aside from hunting. Men and females were fairly equal in part. After settlement, the role of a female slowly began to digress and men became more powerful. In Mesopotamia as early as 2300 BCE inscriptions for ‘slave girl’ appear earlier than those translating as ‘slave male† (Reilly 31). There was also a high demand for female slaves as opposed to male slaves. In Marjorie Shostak’s Nisa: The Life and Words of a ! Kung Woman, she revealed how women weren’t able to speak their mind above a man. Men had final sa y in decisions and women were just there to back it up. Also young females were forced into marriage by their parents, but as mentioned before, the male parental figure would make the final decisions. In conclusion, the shift from a nomadic lifestyle to settled lifestyles has shown great change in the way that things were ran. The primary and secondary accounts listed in this essay helped readers see the emphasis that this change has on society today. There were sacrifices that people had to make in order to accommodate these changes. Even though one of these sacrifices had to be things such as equality of the sexes, this change still has marked something greater; a gateway for the development of future societies.

Macro Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macro Economics - Research Paper Example Macroeconomists create models that clarify the connection between factors such as national income, consumption, output, unemployment, savings, inflation, investment, international finance, and international trade. In contrast, microeconomics mainly focuses on the proceedings of individual agents, like firms, and consumers, plus how their actions determine quantities and prices in specific markets. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, is a wide field of research. There are two areas of study that are exemplary of the discipline. They are the effort to comprehend the causes and penalties of short-run fluctuations in national income, as well as the attempt to comprehend the determinants of long-run economic growth. Long term economic growth refers to the increase in national income. Macroeconomic patterns plus their forecasts are applied by both large corporations and governments to help out in the development and assessment of business strategy and economic policy (McConnell, 2011). This paper will discuss the basic concepts of macroeconomics. Macroeconomics takes in a variety of variables and ideas, but there are only three essential topics regarding macroeconomic study. Macroeconomic theories normally relate the phenomena of output, inflation and unemployment. Outside of macroeconomic theory, these areas are also extremely vital to all economic agents including consumers, workers as well as producers (McConnell, 2011). ... t can be considered as total income, or, it can be seen from the production angle and considered as the sum of all value added to the economy or the total value of final goods and services. Macroeconomic output is normally calculated through national accounts but mostly Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is applied in calculating macroeconomics (Hubbard, 2009). Progress in technology, addition of machinery and other assets, and improved education and human capital all bring about increased economic output ultimately. However, output does not at all times increase constantly. Business cycles can bring about short-term drops in output referred to as recessions. Economists search for macroeconomic plans that prevent economies from falling into recessions and that leads the economy to a faster and long-standing growth. Unemployment The sum of unemployment in an economy is calculated by the unemployment rate, the fraction of workers lacking jobs in the labor force (Abel, 2010). The workforce on ly consists of workers actively searching for employment. Individuals who are retired, still undertaking education, or discouraged from looking for employment by a lack of job prospects are not included in the workforce. Joblessness can be separated into a number of types that are correlated to diverse causes. Classical unemployment takes place when salaries are too high for companies to be ready to employ more staff. Income may be too high due to union activity or minimum wage laws. In harmony with classical unemployment, frictional unemployment takes place when suitable job vacancies exist for an employee, but the span of time needed to look for and get the job leads to an episode of joblessness. Structural unemployment, on the other hand, covers a number of possible reasons for

Managing for the future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Managing for the future - Essay Example Development of the scenario 15 7. Development of the future 16 7.1 Future scenario of sustainability 16 7.2 Future scenario of CSR 17 7.3 Future scenario of distribution 18 7.4 Assessing requirements of management 18 7.4.1 Requirements in sustainability 18 7.4.2 Requirements in corporate social responsibility 19 7.4.3 Requirements in distribution 20 8. Comparison of the competence 21 9. Conclusion from the comparison 23 Reference List 24 1. Introduction The readiness for the future determines the ability of the company to face the unprecedented changes of the future more aptly. Thus strategic planning is all about planning for the future. The strategic planning for the future is a model that is in a continuous mode of change. In the initial stage of the planning process the strategic model is not sturdy but as time progresses and more variables are added to the model, then the model becomes scalable (Achrol, 2011). The strategic management model is developed depending on the way the future spans out. Apart from that the performance of the management for the last 7 years is also analysed. The present research endeavours to create a critical analysis of the performance of the management of Shell for the period 2007 to 2013. ... In a similar way the future capability of the management of Shell is dependent upon the way it prepares itself for the future. In order to prepare for the future it is necessary that the future conditions that may come are based on realistic assumption. Keeping this logic in mind, a similar pattern is followed in the preparation of the research. Three broad areas of operations are chosen for critical analysis as well as future prediction. The three broad areas are sustainability, distribution and another one is corporate social responsibility. The choices of the three areas deserve special mention. The three areas are linked to one another and in turn also influence one another (Bonaccorsi and Daraio, 2009). Effective corporate social responsibility of a company helps to improve the corporate social image. Improved corporate social image in turn also improves the confidence among the investors. Investors have strong preference for a company if it has good track record in performance as well as have a clean corporate image. Increased investor confidence helps to bring in more amount of capital. These in turn enable a company to carry on with its operations in a smooth procedure. Supply and distribution channels, two of the most vital life channels of an oil company need significant improvement from time to time (Clark and Mathur, 2011). There is a definite link between corporate social responsibility and distribution operations. Improved distribution operation in turn helps to bring in sustainability in the operation in future. 2. Analysis of the historical performance of the organisation Three separate areas are chosen for analysis. The three separate areas are corporate social responsibility, distribution and sustainability. 2.1

Over-spending and under-spending of the public sector budget

Over-spending and under-spending of the public sector budget The over-spending and under-spending of a budget is the positive or negative variance between what was actually spent and what was budgeted. Overspending Budgets overruns are the underestimation of costs and time or by the nonconformity of budget managers with the spending maximum defined in the budget, when projected. There are several explanations for overspending. Sometimes, it is simply bad forecasting on part of the budget manager. There was incomplete information or poor forecasting methods that led to an underestimation and/or unreal optimism of costs, expenses and revenues. Often there is change in scope of the project and costs associated with scope change are neither captured nor covered in the risk mitigation or contingency plan. Funds are allocated to the cost centers for spending, it is controlled. Overspent fund accumulate in arrears. Overruns could also be a result of off-budget spending which not considered part of the budget and is not included in budget totals. Off budget spending is often for political reasons. For example, after a request from President Reagan, Congress placed strategic petroleum reserve spending off-budget in 1982. Instead of using other means to control the deficit raising revenues or cutting spending placing this program off-budget gave the appearance of a smaller deficit, even though the government still needed to finance this spending. Source: Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Historical Tables and Mid-session Review, FY2006. Sometimes the expenditure processes are complicated and difficult. To circumvent this process exceptional procedures are development to speed to the process to release the funds. These exceptional procedures are tolerated by the treasury for politically sensitive expenditures. The procedures are frequently abused and should be discouraged. These procedures are used my officials to order supplies without making a formal request and much later the year un-forecasted invoices appear. Sometime fund are unavailable to make this invoices which leads to generation of arrears for the following year. The compounding of exceptional procedures also has long-term implications, incentivizing spending agencies to go outside the budget system to avoid control altogether. Such procedures are associated with or result in corruption. Often past experiences can lead to overspending. If a department head under spent the previous year and the budget for the following year was lost. The department is highly likely to spend the entire amount for the fear of losing funds for the next year. The way in which performance is reported can have a significant effect on the camaraderie and coordination between departments. If participation of the managers implementing the budget was absent, then managers can blame this for the file to abide by the budget. In addition impact of inflation and a sense of entitlement towards certain funds are also factors to be considered in budget planning. Overruns can be caused by such deficiencies in budget preparation. Under spending Many governments do not spend their full annual budget. The reasons for this under spending can be various and can result in many outcomes. Lack of timely spending or under spending can affect the citizens not receiving essential government services. Certain areas have more economic impacts such as jobs created through the timely initiation of new infrastructure project. Under spending can often obstruct resources from other departments/managers which/who are spending their budget more productively, preventing them to reach their complete potential of success in delivery of the intended service. Under spending in particular year frequently leads to rollovers and modifications in the subsequent years. These modifications are irregular and are cumbersome to be forecasted leaving the department ill-equipped to spend these rollovers. Factors that result in under spending include insufficiencies in budget preparation and project/program planning, unrealistic projections of revenues, poor governance and off-budget spending. Virement is another factor that fuels under spending: It is the transfer of funds from one budget head to another. To achieve efficiency or prevent the need for a supplementary estimate as an under spending from one head may be transferred to another head which has overspending. One problem with unrestricted virement is that managers would inevitably spend al their budget allocation for fear of a budget reduction in the subsequent year. Example: Within the ministry of education budgets are transferred from primary education to higher education it can result in the delay of programs starting in the K-12 grades. Example: The latest un-audited expenditure reports from the National Treasury indicate that R3.48 billion of the national government budget went unspent in 2000/01 financial year- about R1.7billion on both the recurrent and the capital side of the budget. The under spend in provincial government was far greater at R5.5 billion. The latest available data indicate that this picture has not changed significantly in 2001/02. Although the government is moving in the right direction, most initiatives to address under spending appear rather general and details have yet to emerge on how the Treasury will specifically tackle the problem. In the meantime, under-spending seems set to remain with us. Source: Government under spending remains a problem February 2002 By Marritt Claassens and Paul Whelan, Budget Information Service, Idasa, http://www.idasa.org.za/bis/ Different kinds of variances A variance is the difference between a budgeted, planned or standard amount and the actual amount. Variances can be divided according to their nature of the underlying amounts and is determined by the needs of users of the variance information. These include : Variable cost variances Direct material variance Price variance: is the difference between the standard cost and the actual cost for the actual quantity of material used or purchased. Usage Variance: is the difference between the standard quantity of materials that should have been used for the number of units actually produced, and the actual quantity of materials used, valued at the standard cost per unit of material. Direct labour variance Rate Variance is the difference between the standard cost and the actual cost paid for the actual number of hours. Efficiency variance is the difference between the standard labour hour that should have been worked for the actual number of units produced and the actual number of hours worked when the labour hours are valued at the standard rate. Overhead variances Fixed overhead variances: identifies what proportion of the total fixed overhead variance is due to actual fixed overhead being different from the budgeted fixed overhead. Variable overhead variance measures the change between actual expenditure and the allowed overhead for actual labour hours. Income variance is the difference between actual income and budget income. It is used to measure the performance of a income function, and/or analyze business results to better understand market conditions. Actual income can differ from budgeted income either due to the variance in volume sold or the variance in the price point of the budgeted price point. Best Practices The following are some key good practice for prevention and minimization of the variances: Broad goals should be established to guide government decision making. Budgeting methods are developed to achieve these goals. An appropriate budget is developed to achieve the goals and the performance criterion is determined at the beginning. Close interaction between the financial information system and the budgeting systems is essential. There should be a control on collective spending and any deficit, a overarching prioritization of strategies with regards to expenditures and better use of the budgeted resources. The approved budget should be entered into the financial information system. In addition to a full commitment system, memorandum notes should be included the system that capture records of commitment but does not amend the financial records. Timely comparative financial statements on a regular basis. These statements should include original and revised budget, capture variances and explain major variances. The audited and reliable statements are based in solid accounting standards with regular external reporting. Budget Monitoring: Monitoring and controlling consists of those processes are performed to observe that potential problems can be identified in a timely manner and corrective action can be taken, when necessary. The key benefit is that the actuals are observed and measured regularly to identify variances from the budget. During the course of the year, instance may arise where the income or expenditure is very large that may require and supplementary estimate. The better the level of control and intelligence available the earlier this situations can be detected and more swiftly and appropriate an action can be taken to minimize the variance. However if is determined there has to be a change then the financial information systems can be updated as soon as possible. If a department become aware that it will overspend at any time during the year it must notify the Treasury department immediately. It is possible that a supplement estimate is provided if deemed appropriate. Transparency is key publish the State accounting policies, establish system of internal controls, and keep doors open for public and parliamentary scrutiny. Flexible budgeting is a performance evaluation tool. It is not be prepared before the end of the fiscal period. A flexible budget adjusts the initial budget for the actual level of output. The flexible budget answers the question: If the department had known at the beginning of the period what would the output volume (units delivered or sold) would be, what the budget would have looked like? If the department actually delivered X units, then treasury should compare actual delivery costs for X units to what it should have spent to make X units, not to what the department should have spent to deliver X-1000 units or X+1000 units etc. The flexible budget provides a better opportunity for planning and controlling than does a static (initial) budget.

A Citizen’s Guide to Democracy Inaction

How far can humor go? This question is often asked regarding ribald, lewd, or obscene humor. In these cases, critics often ask whether humor has gone far enough.Critics and questioners ask whether what the comedian presents as humor has crossed the line into the offensive and revolting. How far has a particular bit humor gone to the bottom of the barrel and how do we know if it has reached the bottom.How far can humor go? That same question may be asked for Jon Stewart’s 2004 humor book America (The Book): A Citizen’s Guide to Democracy Inaction. However, instead of asking how the degenerate the humor is, after reading Stewart’s book, we are forced to ask how enlightening humor can be?Can humor be a tool to scrutinize? To question? To criticize? The likelihood of these possibilities are astonishing, especially when you consider that Stewart’s book is about America and its government and political system.Jon Stewart is the host of the popular comedy program The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. The Daily Show is a satire news program, complete with the familiar news program introduction, faux field reporters and even interviews with current newsmakers. Instead of glorifying news programs, The Daily Show takes pride in crucifying it and the political culture it inculcates.The late-night show is notorious for its no holds barred treatment of politicians and pundits from all sides of the political spectrum. The show prides itself as an equal opportunity offender as it makes fun of all political entities from all sides. This has resulted in great popularity for the show as well as for its host, even generating a spin off show from one of its faux pundits.That said, there are many parallels to be drawn between the Daily Show and America (The Book). While The Daily Show pretends to be a nightly news program, America (The Book) pretends to be a high school social studies textbook. In this regard, America (The Book) is successful as it really does look and feel like a social studies textbook. Its content and outline matches that of common high school textbooks.Its layout is also befitting that of a high school textbook, complete with margin notes, sidebars, interviews with â€Å"noted† individuals and numerous illustrations and figures. It is even complete with end of chapter questions and classroom activities.

Bianca & skill

Although after three months of total immersion of a language, most people should show significant progress, Bianca’s lack of progress does not necessarily mean she has a learning disability. There are a number of possible causes for her lack of progress and a learning disability is only one of them. In Bianca’s specific case, her history should be considered. She was orphaned due to a tragic event and traumatized.This life event at the age of five, the time when reading often begins, could significantly affect her rate of developing reading skills without factoring in the second language. An additional social factor that could affect Bianca’s language and reading acquisition skills could be her recent adoption and move to a new country and environment. Anyone would have some difficulty adjusting to a new family, home, culture and language at the same time.It would undoubtedly be more difficult for a traumatized eight-year-old to adapt to and thrive in a short amo unt of time. The adoptive parents have legitimate concerns about how extensive testing for a specific learning disability during her adjustment to her new life could cause additional trauma. If, however, Bianca does have a learning disability, it would be important to find this out and treat her accordingly. The teacher could do some basic observations in order to get an idea about possible learning disabilities.It would be important to observe her development in other areas such as motor, social, and cognitive. If she is delayed in other developmental areas, the problem could easily be due to her trauma and adjustment. In spite of the school total immersion policy, a few age-level books should be acquired for her in her native language. By listening to her read in her native language a teacher could determine if she struggled in the language she understood as well as she did in English.The teacher could recognize a struggling reader even if she is not familiar with the language. If Bianca reads well in her native language the problem is probably not a learning disability, and the best assistance in her development would be time and attention dedicated to her. If Bianca is discovered to have significant difficulty in her native language, it would warrant the need for additional testing to determine if the problems are due to a learning disability and if a way can be found to help her overcome it.If she does have an actual learning disability, the earlier intervention can be found, the better her chances of effectively developing new language and reading skills. Bianca is a unique child, who should not be caught up in a standard school policy of total immersion. She might require some special attention due to her traumatic past and extensive changes. Some of this special attention could involve some translation and allowing her to do some of her work in her native language in order to help her catch up to her grade level.

The Paradox Of Science A Contrivance For Childrens...

Part a: The paradox of science: a contrivance for children’s learning A cornerstone of the sciencing discourses evident in early childhood education and care settings revolves significantly around the children, educators and families of the service. It is therefore essential to explore teaching methods utilised with children to harness optimum engagement of children’s interest in science. Within this paper teaching methods are explored and discussed with an emphasis on the sciencing of sociology with children three to five years from a constructivist based approach. Sociology for children: Conceptualised thinking of one’s self Sociology can be explained as having two components, macrosociology and microsociology. Macrosociology†¦show more content†¦Therefore the brain response of sensory input such as the child’s curiosity, emotions and feelings are a conduit for children to learn about themselves, others and the world around them (Harlan Rivkin, 2012, p. 10). Children are developing and are eager to learn about themselves and as they develop it is appropriate to foster and link new concepts to the knowledge which the child may have in regards to their social world (Harlin Rivkin, 2012, p. 14). So crucial is sociology studies in early childhood education and care settings that the Early Years Learning Framework underpins the most essential perspectives of the relationships to family, community, culture and place (DEEWR, 2009, p. 7) core components of sociology. Action concepts include: †¢ I wonder what makes us the same as other people. What makes us different? †¢ I wonder if the things you do now were harder when you were a baby. †¢ Who is in your family? Let’s find a way to see if your family is like other families? †¢ Where do you live? Is it the same as others children at Preschool? Part B: Active learning I wonder how ... A leading question based on a constructivist theoretical pedagogy where active and guided learning are recognised as ways that children three to five years of age learn about the science of sociology discussed within this paper. The perspective of active learning from a sociology point of view consists of many factors including the construction of knowledge children obtain through their