Democratic Government A System Of Checks And Balances

Wichita Area Technical College Democratic Government: A System of Checks and Balances Kyle Wiebe American Government LeArta Watkins 2/11/2016 In America today, most people are familiar with the president and his role in the country. What other people are less familiar with, however, are the other branches of government that play a significant part in the decision-making process of our country. The government is divided into the three branches: the Executive Branch, the Legislative Branch, and the Judicial Branch. The president, who is the head of the Executive Branch, plays arguable the most important role of any one-person in the United States. However, the Legislative and Judicial branches are very important too. The Founding Fathers created this country’s political system in such a way that the government could operate effectively, but no one branch would have an advantage over the others. Each branch has its own responsibilities, and its power is checked by that of the other branches. The first branch to discuss is the Executive Branch. The Executive Branch is comprised of the President, his cabinet, and other government agencies. One of the President’s main jobs in the White House is to carry out the laws of the country. He is able to do this because he is in control of many governmental agencies; some of these include the CIA, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Department of Defense (The Executive). The President can either pass or veto billsShow MoreRelatedThe Constitution Of The United States1593 Words   |  7 PagesConstitution of the United States that established the national government and certain basic fundamental laws apart from guaranteeing some basic rights to the citizens of the United States. 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The Protest Of The United States - 1576 Words

The activists feel like this disruptive protest is needed in order to disturb not only the public but to disturb politicians and people in high places. They feel like in this way they will grab the attention, sympathy, and support of citizens and will force politicians to face these issues and propose solutions to them like police reform and will also remind the police force and all other authorities that they are aware of these injustices and that they are never ignored (Mather). The main point of the Two Treaties of Government was to illustrate John Locke’s idea that all men were created equal and naturally free. He went against the ideals of Robert Filmer who believed that humans were born to be subjugated by the monarchs of their†¦show more content†¦John Locke believed that since men were all equal that this makes, â€Å"the foundation of that obligation to mutual love amongst men on which he builds the duties they owe one another from whence he derives the grea t maxims of justice and charity,† (Locke, 106). This is an idea shared by the Black Lives Matter movement as well as they believe on evoking humanity in order to express their frustration against police brutality. Yates, a BLM activists explains that, â€Å"at the very core of this is humanity- Black Lives Matter. We matter. Black lives matter because they are lives..because we are human..† (Harris). Both Yates and John Locke use humanity in order to support their arguments. Another belief Locke had was that â€Å".. men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of Nature..† (Locke, 106). BLM activists can argue that these men being brutalized had no need for such exertion of power. The police should never be expected to terrorize the black community, even though that is what it has come to in many black communities. Since people ar e expected to have perfect freedom as Locke stated, there is no need for harsh authority since people naturally act in the best interest of themselves which is typically the best interest of the community. Knowing this, John Locke and the BLM

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease System

Question: Discuss about the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease System. Answer: Introduction Chronic- obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)is a condition that is characterized bythe air-flow limitation, which is not completely reversible (GOLD, 2010). It includes airflow obstructive diseases such as chronic- bronchitis and emphysema. In-spite of effective COPD control, the patients may experience many episodes of exacerbations affecting their physical as well as mental health. Additionally, COPD exacerbations incur a high cost and affect the pulmonary function and quality-of-life (Toy, 2010). This case study discusses about Mr. Bill McDonald, a 65 year old male who has got admitted in the hospital with chief complaints of dyspnea even at rest, increased lethargy, wheezing with chronic- productive cough producing excessive purulent- sputum and was diagnosed to have acute exacerbations of COPD. He is found to smoke one pocket of cigarettes per day for 35 years and has history of recurrent- bronchial infections. This essay discusses in detail about the pathophysiology, medical a nd nursing management for Mr. Bill with acute exacerbations including home-care considerations, community resources available and educational plan. Pathophysiology of acute and chronic COPD COPD is a condition in which the airway is obstructed by chronic bronchitis and emphysema or a combination of both (Hinkle, 2014). Any damage or inflammation in the larger airways of lungs can result in chronic- bronchitis which is referred to as a condition in which an excessive production of sputum with recurrent cough persisting for at-least three months/year for two consecutive years due to chronic smoking (Lewis, 2013). As, Mr. Bill is a chronic smoker for 35 years, the cigarette smoke has irritated the walls of bronchioles causing hyperplasia of mucous-secreting glands (including goblet cells) in the bronchi leading to increased mucus production. Moreover, the hyperplasia of cells has reduced the diameter of the airway resulting in reduced clearance of mucus. Smoking has reduced the ciliary movements causing reduced clearance of secretion resulting in sputum accumulation leading to the multiplication of micro-organism bronchiolar infections (Barnes, 2014). Because of inadequate clearance, Bill has experienced chronic cough with production of purulent sputum. Because of recurrent bronchiolar infections, more number of neutrophils with macrophages were released, which in-turn has released proteolytic enzymes leading to the destruction of alveolar tissues that again increases inflammation, edema and infectious process causing formation of exudates. More frequently, the micro- organisms have colonized in Bill leading to recurrent bronchial- infections causing excessive mucus accumulation resulting in occlusion of smaller bronchioles (Hinkle, 2014). This has increased resistance to airflow that in-turn has increased the effort of breathing leading to decreased oxygen supply to tissues causing hypoxemia. Additionally, there was a diminished respiratory drive with increased tendency to hypo-ventilate and retain CO2. Because of this, most of the lung areas are not ventilated and so oxygen diffusion could not occur leading to dyspnea both at rest and activities. Hence, Bill with chronic bronchitis requires oxygen both at rest and activities as the disease progresses. As Bill is a smoker, bronchospasm develops frequently that adds to the already existing airway resistance results in further increase in work of breathing and impaired gas exchange which is manifested by dyspnea and lethargy than usual. On auscultation, because of increased CO2 retention in lungs, the lung sounds such as scattered crackles, ronchi and wheezes were heard (Lewis, 2013). Because of smoking, an acute exacerbation of COPD has occurred in Bill, which is an event in the course of COPD that is characterized by the acute- changes in the usual clients dyspnea, cough and sputum production (Hurst, 2009, Eisner, 2010). Its severity has been ranked as level-I (treated at home), level-II (needs hospitalization), level-III (results in respiratory failure) in which Bill lies in level-II (Ghoshal, 2012). Medical management The first step to treat acute-exacerbations involves increasing the dose and frequency of short-acting bronchodilators. If it is unresponsive, bronchodilators with oral corticosteroids should be given. Short-acting 2- agonist (e.g. Salbutamol- 100-to-200 mcg) with nebulizer and Tab. Prednisolone (30mg) OD was administered for 7 days for Bill (Hurst, 2009). If there are changes in the characteristics of sputum, antibiotics should be added based on the causative bacterial-pathogen. Antibiotics should be started only for patients with sputum (Garvey, 2012). In regard to Bill, Levofloxacin (500mg daily) was administered for 11days because of the presence of Pseudomonasspp. in his sputum specimen (Currie, 2009). Theophylline might be administered in patients who are unresponsive to treatment which is not administered for Bill. Oxygen should be administered at any stage of exacerbation in the presence of hypoxemia to improve his base-line oxygenation to at-least 60 mmHg and to maintain oxygen saturation of at-least 90% (Garvey, 2012). Bill was administered with 2 liters/min of oxygen through nasal-cannula and his O2 saturation was 88% and PaO2 55 in ABG. Non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation could be used to reverse acute- respiratory failure which was not used for Bill. Nursing management As Bill was having COPD exacerbation, he was monitored for PaO2, PaCO2 with pH, at the time of admission, treatment and at the time of changes in patients condition. Pulse oximeter was connected to monitor the oxygen saturation. Oxygen was administered to Bill at the rate of 2 liters/min through nasal-cannula to maintain normal oxygen-saturation thereby to prevent occurrence of respiratory acidosis/hypercapnia. Mechanical ventilation should be started only when pH 7.35 (Ghoshal, 2012). He was monitored carefully to prevent increased CO2 washout that may lead to respiratory depression as CO2 act as a respiratory-drive for Bill (Lewis, 2013). Therefore, oxygen should be given at lower rate to prevent CO2-narcosis. Upright position was provided to expand the lungs to promote oxygenation. Bill was demonstrated to perform pursed-lip-breathing that was helpful to increase expiration so as to prevent bronchiolar-collapse with air-trapping (Lewis, 2013). He was guided to practice abdominal-breathing that helped him to use diaphragm in-stead of accessory-muscles so as to promote maximal inspiration as well as to reduce the respiratory rate. In case of abdominal-breathing, the abdomen will protrude at inspiration and contract at expiration, where the diaphragm pushes the air outside the lungs and promotes control over Bills breathing especially during dyspnea and exercises. Deep-breathing with coughing-exercise was demonstrated to promote expulsion of lung secretions so as to promote normal breathing. His position was changed once in 2 hours to prevent aspirations. Chest physiotherapy (bronchial tapping) was performed to remove excess lung secretions (Hinkle, 2014). Bill has experienced difficulty in breathing and consuming food simultaneously and hence small and frequent diet (six meals) was encouraged (Seo, 2014). He was encouraged to drink 3 liters of fluid/day to promote hydration so as to liquefy the lung secretions and promote mucus expulsion (Hanania, 2010). The fluid was given only in-between the meals but not with meals to avoid abdominal distention that might increase his dyspnea. Gas-forming and carbonated foods were avoided as they will cause abdominal distention causing dyspnea. Very cold and hot foods were avoided as it may cause coughing spasms. Home-care considerations The role of nurse is crucial in educating home-care considerations to COPD patients (Zakrisson, 2011). Bill is discharged with portable oxygen to prevent hypoxemia as he is a chronic COPD patient. Nasal-cannula (2 liters/min) was arranged for Bill as it is safe and simple to use at home and is comfortable and acceptable. It will not interfere with eating, talking, coughing, walking or moving. But, its position should be maintained to avoid dislodgement. Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) will help to improve neuro-psychological function, increase activity- tolerance, reduce hematocrit and decrease pulmonary-hypertension. As, Bill was stable with PaO2 of 55 mmHg and SaO2 (less than 88%), LTOT was allowed. Regular nasal-cannula was arranged to deliver O2 from central source at home. He was given with liquid O2 as it is portable and holds 6-8 hr O2 supply at 2 L/min and the reservoir will lasts for 7-10 days (Lewis, 2013). He was instructed about the methods of using oxygen at home, its importance, advantages, disadvantages and precautions to be followed. He was instructed to put the nasal straps properly and not to be too tight. Observe the ear-tops for skin breakdown and pad it, if needed (Hanania, 2010). Bill was educated to assess oral as well as nasal mucous membrane for 2-3 times/ day and advised to apply water-based gel over the nasal membrane and lips (Lewis, 2013). Encouraged to wash mouth frequently and use humidifier to avoid dryness in skin resulting in skin breakdown and infection. He was advised to remove the nasal-cannula and clean it with water for 2-3 times/ day and clean the skin carefully and observe for bruises, scratches and cuts. He was instructed to change disposable equipments regularly and to remove sputum that is coughed-out. He was advised to post No Smoking boards at home and not to use electric razors, open flames, mineral oils, blankets (wool) or portable- radios near the oxygen area and not to allow smoking in home (Lewis, 2013). He was encouraged to remain active and travel normally. Oxygen could be arranged by private companies at the destination point. If, he wishes to travel by bus, train or flight, notifications should be given to make O2 reservations. High-altitude stimulation-test should be performed in a hospital to determine the amount of O2 needed for traveling in flight. Resources available In Government, COPD National-Program as well as Lung-cancer programs are the major programs available within Lung- Foundation. They are supported by the Information with Support-Centre of Lung- Foundation which operates a toll-free telephonic number for COPD patients, care-takers and physicians to make a call and speak with team member (who can guide them to get resources and get link to the support- services) or to talk to a Lung-Care Nurse. There are other foundation areas as Respiratory-infectious diseases, Bronchiectasis registry, Multi-centre clinical-trial network, telephonic support- group and community- awareness events (Harper, 2013). Usually, home oxygen- systems are also rented from a private company, which sends a pulmonary nurse and/or respiratory therapists to the patients home. These therapists will teach about the method of using O2 system, method of caring O2 system and how to identify, when the system is getting low and needs to re-order (Lewis, 2013). The staff nurse has to make arrangements with the community-health nurse to obtain O2 equipments from an agency and receive follow-up home-care regularly. The agency will make arrangements to receive an O2 concentrator with portable tanks and concentrated O2 with oxygen regulators and supplies (20m of tubing with nasal-cannula). He was educated about basic anatomy with physiology of lung along with pathophysiology, features with complications for COPD through Australian Lung Association videos. Breathing retraining techniques as pursed-lip breathing and abdominal-breathing techniques were demonstrated. Energy-conservation methods as pacing the activities and performing pursed- lip breathing while performing activities was educated. The medication list with all the medications such as oral/ inhalant corticosteroids, antibiotics, -adrenergic receptors and anti-cholinergics was given with instructions for dosage, frequency, route, mode of action and side effects. He was demonstrated about the method of using inhaler (Lewis, 2013). He was educated about method of using oxygen at home with precautions. His family was guided to manage emotional issues as depression, anxiety, panic attacks, dependency, intimacy and interpersonal relationship issues. He was educated about COPD management plan that involves focusing on self-management and knowing features of exacerbations that may exacerbate in winter (Jenkins, 2012, Bruce, 2007). He should be educated with the need to report changes with reasons for flare-ups, recognizing features of respiratory infection and yearly follow-up. He was advised about the support and rehabilitative sources available (Casey, 2011). He was advised to avoid crowds and contact with persons with respiratory infections and to obtain influenza immunization. Conclusion Epidemiologic data indicate that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Patients with poorly managed COPD are likely to experience exacerbations that require emergency department visits or hospitalizationtwo important drivers contributing to escalating healthcare resource use and costs associated with the disease. Exacerbations also contribute to worsening lung function and negative outcomes in COPD. The aim of this review is to present the perspective of nurse practitioners and physician assistants in terms of providing the pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic modalities needed to treat current and prevent future exacerbations. Major respiratory guidelines recommend treatment of acute exacerbations with short-acting bronchodilators, oral corticosteroids and antibiotics, as appropriate. Supplementary oxygen and/or ventilatory support may also be beneficial to selected patients. Treatments to minimize the risk of future exacerbations should include maintenance pharmacotherapies, risk-reduction measures (e.g. smoking cessation, influenza and pneumonia vaccinations), pulmonary rehabilitation, self-management support and follow-up care. Thus, this case study discusses in detail about chronic and acute COPD. I have learnt about the pathophysiological sequence of acute and chronic COPD that is caused by chronic smoking. I have learnt about the medical as well as nursing management plans of a patient with acute exacerbations of COPD. I understood about the home-care considerations of patient with portable oxygen and community-support services available with discharge plan for COPD patients. Reference Barnes, P.J. (2014). COPD, An Issue of Clinics in Chest Medicine. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0323260918 Bruce, M.L. McEvoy, P. (2007). COPD: your role in early detection.Nurse Prac.32:2434. Casey, D., Murphy, K., Cooney, A. Mee, L. (2011). Developing a structured education programme for clients with COPD:Br J Community Nurs.16:2317. Currie, G. (2009). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0199563683 Eisner, M.D et al. (2010). Committee on Nonsmoking COPD, Environmental and Occupational Health Assembly. An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:Am J Respir Crit Care Med.182:693718. Garvey, C. Ortiz, G. (2012). Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Open Nurs J. 6: 1319. doi:10.2174/1874434601206010013 Ghoshal, A.G, Dhar, R. Kundu, S. (2012). Treatment of Acute Exacerbation of COPD: SUPPLEMENT TO JAPI. 60: 38- 43 GOLD- Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. (2010). Global strategy for diagnosis, management, and prevention of COPD.Retrieved from https://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLDReport_April112011.pdf Hanania, N.A Sharafkhaneh, A. (2010). COPD: A Guide to Diagnosis and Clinical Management. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1597453579 Harper, E. (2013). Lung foundation Australia: promoting lung health and supporting those with lung disease: J Thorac Dis. 5(4): 572577. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.08.39 Hinkle, J.L. (2014). Brunners and Suddarths Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing. (13th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Hurst, J.R et al. (2009). Temporal clustering of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:Am J Respir Crit Care Med.179:36974. Hurst, J.R. (2009). Management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a state of the art review:BMC Med.7:40. Jenkins, C.R et al. (2012). Seasonality and determinants of moderate and severe COPD exacerbations in the TORCH study:Eur Respir J.39(1):3845. Lewis, S.M., Heitkemper, M. M., Dirksen, S.R. (2013). Medical Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. (9th ed.). Missouri: Mosby. Seo, S.H. (2014). Medical Nutrition Therapy based on Nutrition Intervention for a Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Clin Nutr Res. 3(2): 150156. doi:10.7762/cnr.2014.3.2.150 Toy, E.L et al. (2010). The economic impact of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exacerbation definition: a review:COPD.7:21428. Zakrisson, A.B et al. (2011). Nurse-led multidisciplinary programme for patients with COPD in primary health care: a controlled trial:Prim Care Respir J.20(4):42733.

Standard Setting in Political Environment Essay Example

Standard Setting in Political Environment Paper In general, standards, especially auditing standards, have been restricted to the prescribed solution, which has generated a lot Of controversy about the absence of supporting theories and the use of an ad hoc formulating approach. The general trend, however, is to include the description and the reasoned discussion, thereby providing a concise, theoretically supported rule of action. The Public Interest Theory was implicit in our examination of standard-setting. The theory suggests that regulation is required to answer the demand of the public for correction of market failures. The theory assumes that the central authority has the best interests of the society as its objective. In other words it does its best to maximize social welfare. The regulation is a trade off between the costs involved and the benefits received by society. The Interest Group Theory takes the view that an industry operates in the situation where there are a number Of interest groups (constituencies). Development of standard setting approaches in various countries SAAB The International Accounting Standard Board (SAAB) is the independent, accounting standard-setting body of the FIRS. The SAAB was founded on April , 2001 as the successor to the International Accounting Standard Committee (SASS). It is responsible for developing FIRS and promoting the use and application of these standards. The International Financial Reporting Standard (FIRS) was incorporated as a tax-exempt organization in the US state of Delaware. We will write a custom essay sample on Standard Setting in Political Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Standard Setting in Political Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Standard Setting in Political Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The FIRS also the parent entity of the SAAB, an independent accounting standard-setter based in London, England. The ASP has 14 Board members. They are selected as a group of experts with a mix of experience of standard-setting, preparing and using accounts, and academic work. In January 2009, they have their meeting with the Trustees of the Foundation concluded the first part of the second Constitution Review, announcing the creation of a Monitoring Board and the expansion Of the SAAB to 1 6 members and giving more consideration to the geographical composition of the SAAB. FAST Since 1 973, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FAST) has been the designated organization in the private sector for establishing standards of financial accounting that governs the preparation of financial reports by nongovernmental entities. Those standards are officially recognized as authoritative by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The SEC has statutory authority to establish financial accounting and reporting standards for publicly held companies under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Throughout its history, however, the Commissions policy has been to rely on the private sector for this function to the extent that the private sector demonstrates ability to fulfill the responsibility in the public interest. The mission of the FAST is to establish and improve standards of financial counting and reporting that foster financial reporting by nongovernmental entities that provides decision-useful information to investors and other users of financial reports. That mission is accomplished through a comprehensive and independent process that encourages broad participation, objectively considers all stakeholder views, and is subject to oversight by the Financial Accounting Foundations Board of Trustees. MASS Standard setting in Malaysia entered a new era with the Financial Reporting Act 1997 which established the Financial Reporting Foundation (FRR) and the Malaysian Accounting Standard Board (MASS) in 1997. The Financial Reporting Act 1 997 was gazette on 6 March, 1997. The FRR is established under the Financial Reporting Act 1997 (Act). The FRR comprises representation from all relevant parties in the standard setting process, including preparers, users, regulators and accountancy profession. The FRR, as a trustee body, has responsibility for the oversight of the Mamas performance, financial and funding arrangements, and as an initial source of views for the MASS on proposed standards and pronouncements. It has no erect responsibility with regard to standard setting. This responsibility rests exclusively with the MASS. The aims of the MASS are to implement an efficient, effective structure and due processes for the development of MASS Standards, a conceptual framework and other forms of authoritative guidance. Other than that, MASS also aim to pursue the development of MASS Standards, a conceptual framework and other authoritative guidance on a basis that recognizes that users of financial statements are the primary customer, so that those users are better able to make economic decisions. The MASS established a committee in May, 2002 known as the Issues Committee to replace its predecessor, Interpretation Committee. The change in name reflects the expanded scope of the committee which, in addition to dealing with interpretations of approved accounting standards, also deals with other accounting related issues where there are no existing accounting standards. The committee, hence, is responsible for reviewing accounting issues that have received or likely to receive different views in interpretation and to provide recommendations to the Board for decision. Standard setting approaches Miffs are full convergence, which are copy word by word of Firms issued by the SAAB except for the terminologies. The due process of MIFFS Framework aligns the Mamas due process timeline to that of the SAAB with the aim of putting the new or amended standards in place for adoption and application within a timely manner. This is to ensure, that the effective date of the new or amended standards will be the same as that of Firms. * Stage 1: MASS seeks public comment on Saabs draft technical pronouncements. The SAABS draft technical pronouncements include Discussion paper, Exposure Draft and Request for Views. MASS will disseminate the SAAB draft pronouncements together with an Invitation to Comment to local constituents by publishing on MASS website a Comment Online feature and sending a copy of the documents to the relevant authorities, professional bodies, accounting firms, industry related associations, and public listed companies. The due date for the public to submit comments to MASS is usually one month before Saabs comment deadline so as to allow MASS Working Group and the Board a reasonable time to consider the comments received before making a submission to the SASS. In addition, public forums ay be organized if these SAAB draft pronouncements represent major change or shift from current practice. * Stage 2: Deliberation at the Working Group level on Saabs draft pronouncements The Saabs draft pronouncements will be deliberated in WAG meetings and to provide comment / recommendation to the issues raised in the draft pronouncements for the Boards consideration. The WAG will also consider public comments received and their recommendations on those comments for the Boards consideration. Stage 3: Deliberation at the MASS (the Board). The public comments received, Working Groups comments and commendations will be tabled at the Board for deliberation and consideration. During the discussion, the Board will consider all comments received and thereafter, a comment letter to the SAAB will be prepared and submitted to SAAB accordingly. * Stage 4: Issuance of Standard by SAAB. Following publication of the final standard by the ASP (FIRS), the Working Group w ill deliberate on the changes made, if any, from the draft pronouncements. Thereafter, the Working Groups views or recommendation, including possible issues/ implications, if any, of the FIRS will be presented to he MASS for consideration. * Stage 5: Issuance of standard by MASS. After due deliberation by the Board, copy of the MIFFS (word-for-word with Firms) would be presented to the FRR members for their comments before it being issued as approved accounting standards in Malaysia. Ethics of standard setting It is likely that if there was no regulation, markets would cease to work. Have two motivations, there are the external motivation the enforcement approach, a regulator, and the internal motivation -? the people will want to keep their promises and honor contracts. The more ethically that people behave, the greater reduction there would be in required regulation. One way to look at it would be, for example, if all professionals acted in their own self- interest, ignoring the clients recognition, in due course clients would become very suspicious. Regulations would grow and professionals would be very carefully looked into. However, if professionals can be trusted to act in a trustworthy way, then it could be a win-win situation. It goes beyond adopting a code of ethics. Professionals would have to act professionally towards the client. Professionals must become transparent in their actions so clients will eave full trust in their actions. Certainly professionals have self-interest and this must be taken into account. As some regulation would be required, what about standard setting from an ethical point of view. When accountants are dealing with clients there is very likely an imbalance of accounting knowledge between the two but accountants should not impose their own values on the client. Issues involved in standard setting The standard setting bodies have an ethical issue because the standards set for clients, those who manage the companies, have a third dimension, as the angers interests often conflict with those of the public. Our case is the investing public, the third party. Now investors needs are well served by good disclosure of material. But we have seen in our previous modules that standards that are beneficial to the investor often impose burdens on the managers, volatility. Whose interests should the regulator serve. Dusks ; Dusks, stated the accountant and the regulator can easily reconcile the obligations by acting with integrity. In the long-run the interests of the public and the investor merge. The answer comes across clearly in Dusks amp; Dusks. They argue that the profession has an obligation to look out for the best interests of the client, avoiding the temptation to take advantage of the client; this quotation implies the public interest theory. It is important to consider the debate between what is termed rules-based and principle based accounting standards. It is important to consider the debate between what is termed rules-based and principalities accounting standards. Considering Enrons actions they were strictly based on rules actions Of GAP. They were not based on principles There is a difference. Rules attempt to put down detailed directions to be followed, and it is difficult to cover all situations. The Principle indicates the intent we have in mind and the course we follow. It is putting into effect the real ethics we wish to pursue. Accounting issue in Islamic Financial Institution Accounting standards are developed in various parts of the world and are predominantly developed based on the environment of local jurisdiction and typically the behavior of the large and most often multinational corporations would be subjected to these standards. MASS has also appointed a Working Group to develop a framework of accounting concepts based on the Sharis principles to assist the Board in developing financial accounting and reporting standards for the recognition, measurement and disclosure of transactions based on Sharis principles which would facilitate the development of the Islamic Capital Market. The main characteristics that influenced the environment of an Islamic bank in the Sharis and this has to be central in the development of accounting standards for Islamic banks, which was not part of the consideration of the international standard setter. There are major preferences between Islamic banks and Conventional banks that impose difficulties for Islamic banks to comply with standards not actually meant for them. Appropriate mechanism to track the risks and rewards other than a financial reporting system, which Islamic financial institution were deprived of prior to OAF. Foundation of setting standards for Islamic financial institution is on the basis of filling in a vacuum that conventional standards have left void. OAF did not reject existing GAP standards except in cases where such principles conflict with Shari ah principles. It is clearly stated in Falls Statement of Objectives that it is natural that there should be differences between objectives of other bank and objectives of Islamic bank. The kinds of issues addressed by PAYOFF Standards. Us absence over form The framework of accounting standards by SIS and other generally accepted accounting standards require that the accounting information is presented according to the substance and economic reality and not merely the legal form. Requiring and entity that enjoys a greater of economic benefits of an asset to report the asset in their balance sheet appeared in a leasing contract in consistent with this postulate.

Muslim Women Rights

Muslim Women Rights The human right awareness in the world has taken a quite interesting shape in the attempt to achieve sisterhood and recognize women rights as human rights. This has been a subject of debate and extensive criticism as it is perceived as having potential to â€Å"homogenizing the issues that might be different to different women. There is also the risk of universalizing feminist ideas that are practiced in the western countries and use them to solve the problems facing all women around the globe. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Women Rights specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Societal development and political maturity of a society is currently appraised by the extent the women rights are being enforced. In my opinion, is support that women problems should not at all be homogenized or feminist ideas universalized because the problems of women are not similar around the world and different women take different cou rse in addressing their problems. The issue of women rights has brought about hot debates in the world especially regarding veil put by Muslim women and other issues like polygamy. As presented in this essay, the issue of veil which is a discursive issue in the world is discussed as described by Leila Ahmed. Leila Ahmed tries to seek the discourse about women and gender in the Islamic has emerged and exploring what is the root cause of such debates in current worlds. She seeks from the debate whether the Islamic culture and societies are really oppressive to women. Te center of her concern was the discourse of veil where women in the Islamic societies were required to appear in veils and other clothing that are connected to the Islamic traditions. The mail question that lingered in her mind is whether the issue of veil and the traditional clothing was meant to boost pure Islam favoring both sexes or otherwise. Ahmed first focuses on the gender pattern in the Middle East prior to th e emergence of the Islam in order to gain ground to describe the Islamic doctrine on women that were practiced in the past. She describes how the Arab societies propagated the debates about women and gender within the Islamic societies that have become so prevalent in the world today. She explores the issue of women and gender both in Islamic contexts, social and also the historical background. She conducts an extensive study of debates and ideologies about women within the Islamic societies and demonstrates how the debate is so prevalent in the current world. She advocated tat unveiling women could be a great step to transforming the social status of the Islamic societies. His survey acted as a strong onset of the feminism within the Arab culture. According to Ahmed (23), Muslim men and women have expended a lot of effort in the attempt to discard the veil from their culture but others believe that the veil is important for feminist struggle. She demonstrates that the veil was a w ay used by the colonizers in order to promote their cultures in other territories forcing them to undermine their native culture. It is among other things a strategy of colonial domination in an area.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some Muslim women in different part of the world demand it as their right to be allowed to choose whether to veil or not. The concept explored by Leila Ahmed is very vital and closely connected to the Inderpal Grewal’s â€Å"the regime of human rights†? According to Grewal (1), similar to Ahmed argument, oppression of women by global feminism comes in form of universalization and generalization of women issues and approaches. This is oppressive because the women issues are not the same in all places in the world. There is very high correlation between the issues presented by Ahmed and that by Grewal because they both discuss issues r elated to women rights. They both argue that human rights are based on western notion that is generalized. The international organization present the western women as superior and they spill over their feminism notions to their third world counterparts without considering the cultural differences. To achieve â€Å"a radical complexity in the practice of feminist politics† as termed by Grewal, women should be allowed to pursue their demand for women rights their own way depending on their culture. Homogenization and universalizing women problems deprives some women the right to deal with their issues the best way they can by forcing them to adopt the western culture. Women oppression should not be homogenized or universalized because women in different countries differ in culture, politics or have social system that only suits their own problems. According to Ahmed, these are strategies to achieve western domination and erode the culture of women in minority communities. Ahme d, Leila. â€Å"The Discourse of the Veil†. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. Grewal, Inderpal. Women’s Rights as Human Right: Feminist Practices, Global Feminism and Human Rights Regimes in Trans-nationality. (PDF) Citizenship Studies 3, no. 3 (1999): 337–54

Of Mice and Men Study Guide

Of Mice and Men Study Guide Of Mice and Men is a 1937 novella by John Steinbeck. Set during the Great Depression, the book tells the story of George Milton and Lennie Small, two migrant workers and long-time friends employed on a ranch in California. Through its use of colloquial language and detailed characterization, Of Mice and Men offers an unsparing portrait of its characters and the violent and harsh conditions they face. Fast Facts: Of Mice and Men Author: John SteinbeckPublisher: Viking PressYear Published: 1937Genre: Literary fictionType of Work: NovellaOriginal Language: EnglishThemes: The nature of dreams, strength vs. weakness, man vs. natureCharacters: George Milton, Lennie Small, Curley, Candy, Crooks, Curley’s wifeNotable Adaptations: 1939 film directed by Lewis Milestone, 1992 film directed by Gary SiniseFun Fact: John Steinbecks dog ate an early draft of Of Mice and Men. Plot Summary George and Lennie are two farm workers traveling through California in search of work. When the novella begins, they have just been kicked off a bus while journeying to their latest ranch. They spend the night in a makeshift shelter and arrive at the ranch in the morning. The ranch owner is initially hesitant because Lennie, who is physically strong but has a mental disability, doesnt speak, but he ultimately accepts the men as workers. Lennie and George meet fellow ranch hands Candy, Carlson, and Slim, as well as Curley, the son of the ranch owner. Curley, a diminutive but confrontational man, verbally targets Lennie. Carlson shoots Candys old, dying dog. Lennie reveals that he and George have a plan to buy their own land someday, and Candy offers to join them, pitching in his own money. Slim gives Lennie a puppy from his own dog’s recent litter. The next day, Curley attacks Lennie once more. Out of fear, Lennie grabs Curleys fist and crushes it. Later, the ranch workers go out drinking, and Lennie stays behind. He talks to Crooks, an African American farm hand who lives separately from the other workers. Curleys wife approaches and asks what happened to her husbands hand. When none of the men tell her, she berates Crooks with racial slurs and threats. The following day, Lennie accidentally kills his puppy by petting it too hard. Curleys wife finds him with the puppys body in the barn. Lennie and Curleys wife begin to converse. Curleys wife reveals her former dreams of Hollywood stardom and offers to let Lennie touch her hair. While doing so, Lennie unintentionally breaks her neck and kills her. When the farm workers discover Curleys wifes body, Curley begins a vengeful pursuit of Lennie, with the other workers in tow. George takes Carlsons gun and breaks away from the group in order to meet Lennie at their predetermined spot. George tells Lennie all about the beautiful future in which they have a farm of their own to tend to rabbits, then finally shoots Lennie in the back of the head. Major Characters Lennie Small. Contrary to his surname, Lennie is an extremely large and physically strong man. However, he is also gentle-hearted and often fearful. Lennie has a mental disability and is dependent on George for protection. He loves rubbing soft materials and small creatures, from mice to puppies to hair. This desire leads to unintentional destruction and even death. George Milton. Crafty and resourceful, George is both the domineering leader and loyal protector of Lennie. Although he sometimes complains about taking care of Lennie, he is deeply committed to him. At the end of the novella, George decides to kill Lennie in order to protect him from greater harm at the hands of the other ranch workers. Curley. Curley is the son of the ranch owner and a former Golden Gloves boxer. Despite his small stature, Curley picks fights and struts around confidently. He is a jealous husband who rages at his wife. He also targets Lennie, despite the fact that gentle Lennie doesnt want a fight. When Lennie accidentally kills Curleys wife, Curley seeks out Lennie in a murderous rage. Candy. Candy is an old farm worker who has lost a hand. He owns an aging dog that Carlson insists upon shooting. When Candy overhears Lennie talk about his plan to buy some land with George, Candy offers up $350 of his own money to join them. Crooks. Crooks, the only African American character on the farm, lives away from the other workers in segregated quarters. He is world-weary and skeptical of Lennies dream of buying land. Crooks faces racism on the ranch, most notably when Curleys wife verbally attacks him with racial slurs and violent threats. Curley’s wife. Curleys wife, whose name is never mentioned, is treated badly by her husband and warily by the other farm workers. She has a flirtatious nature, but she also expresses loneliness and lost dreams during a conversation with Lennie. When Crooks and Lennie refuse to tell her what happened to her husbands hand, she verbally attacks Crooks with racial slurs and threats. She ultimately dies an accidental death at Lennies hands. Major Themes The Nature of Dreams. Dreams play a key role in Of Mice and Men. Most significantly, George and Lennie share a dream of owning their own land, but their perspectives on this dream differ significantly. In Lennies mind, the dream is sure to become reality; for George, discussing the dream is a way to comfort Lennie and pass the time in a harsh environment. Strength vs. Weakness. In Of Mice and Men, strength and weakness have a complex relationship. This relationship is most evident in Lennie, whose physical strength is a direct contrast to his gentle and guileless personality. In the tough world of the book, strength- particularly mental toughness- is essential. Man vs. Nature. Tension between the human world and the natural world exists throughout Of Mice and Men. Sometimes the characters exert control over the natural world, and sometimes, the natural world rises up to overpower the characters. Ultimately, the novella suggests that the natural and human worlds- the worlds of mice and men- are not so different after all. Literary Style Of Mice and Mens literary style is largely simple and straightforward. The dialogue is written in a colloquial dialect intended to reflect the working-class backgrounds of the ranch workers, whose speech is also peppered with slang terms and vulgar expressions. The novella is also notable for its use of foreshadowing. Lennies accidental murder of the puppy parallels his accidental murder of Curleys wife; the apparent mercy killing of Candys dog mirrors the mercy killing of Lennie. Of Mice and Men has been the subject of censorship due to its harsh subject matter, but it remains one of the most widely-read works of American literature of the 20th century. About the Author Born in 1902, John Steinbeck is one of the most prominent and widely-read American writers of the 20th Century. Much of his work focuses on everyman protagonists in California during the Great Depression. He said that Of Mice and Men was inspired in part by his own experiences alongside migrant workers during the 1910s. In addition to Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck penned over two dozen books, including The Grapes of Wrath (1939) and East of Eden (1952).  He won both a Pulitzer Prize and a Nobel Prize.

Management Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management Journal - Assignment Example The term management can be defined as a process of getting the work done in an effective and well-organized manner with the help of others (i.e. human resource). It is consider both as a science and art. It is seen as an art because of the fact that management desires to make people effective and dedicated towards their work and responsibilities ensuring quality performance. Subsequently, it is also considered as a science because it is a systematic process where various stages and frameworks are involved (Drucker 36-46). Furthermore, management is also considered as the process of accomplishing any task with the optimum use of various resources available within any organizational setting. Management works in a chain process where effectiveness of one function is entirely dependent on the effective and error-free operations of other functions in the chain. It has also been observed that the practice of management has become a backbone of operations for companies all around irrespecti ve of their size or nature of their operation. This is owing to the increased dependency of business on management in the modern day context. Hence, it can be affirmed that management is one of the most significant business practices which largely involves the coordination and assimilation and maximum utilization of resource of a business unit towards ensuring the accomplishment of the organizational targets (Drucker 36-46). 17 SEPTEMBER 2010: In the previous entry, discussion has been made about the concept of management in today’s world in context of the business. From that day till now, some knowledge has been gathered regarding the importance of management in today’s competitive nature of business through academic learning and practical understanding. It has been affirmed that management holds an important and irreplaceable position within any organization. In support of this statement it can be stated that the success of today’s business unit is largely dep endent on the effectiveness of the management and the approach of the mangers altogether. Contextually, good management team will have the ability to ensure right decision making for the business which acts as the ultimate reason for enhanced performance of the business. Furthermore, it has also been learnt that a good management team will also have the quality to anticipate the threats and challenges to the business and work accordingly to deal with the same. All the organization operating in the global business world is dependent on the performance of their workforce together as group towards the accomplishment of organizational objectives. In this regard, it will also be worth mentioning that the main functions of management within any organization is to plan, organize, control and coordinate the organizational resource (i.e. including human resource) towards a positive direction, further yield positive results for the overall business unit. In precise, it can be stated that mana gement within any organization deals with differentiated departments of the unit affirming efficiency in each one of them. Owing to all this significant role, management plays within any organization, it can be ascertained as a life giving element to the business. Moreover, it has been discussed that in the absence of proper managerial function, the overall performance of any business

Media Ecology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media Ecology - Essay Example As the physical and social environments have their effect on human society, similarly, in today's era, environments created by media also play an important role on the psyche human society. Therefore, it would not be far from truth if we call the study of relationship between environment created by media and the society as "media ecology". According to the Media Ecology Association, media ecology can be defined as "the study of media environments, the idea that technology and techniques, modes of information and codes of communication play a leading role in human affairs." Therefore, in this discourse an effort will be made to understand media ecology by addressing following three aspects:- There is a strong interconnectivity between different forms of media. Their effectiveness is along two strings. One is their indigenous and the second is an ability to complement the other form of media. Therefore, each media enables to form two types of environment. One which is formed by a particular media itself and the second one is formed by complementing the other forms of media. To elucidate the above point further, we take example of 9/11. We suppose that when the unfortunate incident of 9/11 took place there was only print media available. We can imagine that apart from the people who got affected, there would not be many who could have known the incident immediately. By the time print media would have conveyed the extent of havoc created by the terrorists, too much time would have been lost to create an atmosphere for global response. Still with graphic details and good script an atmosphere could have been created but for short duration. Too less and too late. Now we include radio (audio media) in the scenario. The explicit detail given in newspaper with live commentary of what all was going on would have created an atmosphere more focused on the event. Add TV (auditory - visual media) to the situation. Continuous pouring of live scenes on TV, descriptive account on radio and detailed news and views in print media created an atmosphere which was bound to last longer than what only one of the forms of media was in operation. The atmosphere is more fueled by the

Why Are Esl Students Left Behind Essay Example for Free

Why Are Esl Students Left Behind Essay Andrew Duffy and Grace Chen explore why immigrant students who speak English as a second language face long odds in becoming high school graduates in North America in the following articles: â€Å"Why are ESL students left behind? † and â€Å"Inclusion or Exclusion? The ESL Education Debate. † According to a University of Calgary professor, Hetty Roessigh(1994), ninety-three percent of the ESL students who arrived as beginners in English were likely to drop out from high school. (para. ) Additionally, they face many obstacles such as dealing with the difficult language that they encounter in textbooks and cannot translate their academic ability into decent marks on written tests. (Roessigh, 1994, para. 11) In the article â€Å"Why are ESL students left behind? † written by journalist Andrew Duffy in 2004, he examines the cause and effects of English as a second language in education. By having different perspectives of the professional researchers of ESL studies as evidence, the author discusses the disadvantages that students faced. â€Å"For every one of the ESL kids who makes it, there are hundreds who don’t. (Roessigh, 2004, para. 4) However, in the article â€Å"Inclusion or Exclusion? The ESL Education Debate† written by Grace Chen in April 7th, 2009 for the Public School Review website, discusses how to enhance ESL students learning and at the same time the public schools are coping with reduced funding due to the economic recession. The 2001 national mandate, No Child Left Behind, required that all public schools help ESL students become proficient in English, as both native speaker and ESL students are mandated to meet State and National achievement standards. The Multicultural Education Journal) Nevertheless, when fifty percent of school-age children will have non-English speaking backgrounds by 2020, how do such programs improve ESL students’ English? While analyzing the article â€Å"Why are ESL students left behind? † I question the reliability because it is a secondary source that interprets and reviews the previous findings from the professional researchers. Supporting by Andrew Duffy’s proofs, it is serious that immigrant students who dissatisfy in school would not be able to please in the society. (2004). As a country, we cannot afford continuation of current practices, at the risk of under-preparing a large segment of our workforce for the 21st century. †(Wayne Thomas and Virginia Collier, of George Mason University, para. 48) Simultaneously, the second piece of the article â€Å"Inclusion or Exclusion? The ESL Education Debate† is also a secondary source. Grace Chen (2004) determines the effect of the â€Å"full inclusion system† in California, where students are forced to engage in fluent English classes, even if they have never been exposed to the language before. Secondly, making connection with immigrants’ socio-economic status from the first article and the required additional funding mentioned from the second article, both of the authors have closely the same thoughts which are that the immigrants students need more additional supports. Andrew Duffy provides a strong correlation between the socio-economic status and grades discover by Professor Gunderson which shows that refugees are mainly the people that needs the funding supports. Nevertheless, Grace Chen only discusses the funding that is needed for the ESL students yet the use is unknown. However, neither of the authors expressed their viewpoints in the articles. While Andrew Duffy found evidences supported by different sides of university-level professors, Grace Chen did not give a concrete answer for the debate. Nobody is sure how the inclusion will work out yet they have already reduced funding for the ESL students. â€Å"What is the best approach on behave of all the difficulties facing by the ESL students? †(Grace Chen, 2009, para. 12) As a conclusion, regarding how to defend the needs of all students, I would say â€Å"Why are ESL students left behind? † is more correct than â€Å"Inclusion or Exclusion? The ESL Education Debate. †.

A Complete Turnaround Essay -- essays research papers

A Complete Turnaround   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sharon Old’s poem, â€Å"The Victims,† deals with an underlying theme of abuse. Old’s illustrates this theme through the tone of the poem, which is achieved by imagistic language, rhyme and rhythm. In this poem the speaker is illustrated through two points of view, first as a child then as an adult reflecting back on a troublesome childhood experience. As the speaker’s point of view changes so does the use of poetic devices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poem opens with the speaker remembering the behaviors of an abusive father when she was a child. The tone at this point was one of disgust, hatred, spite, and taking joy in her father’s failures. This was due to the fact that she was taught to feel this way by her mother. As a child she was not aware of this. It was not until adulthood that she realized her feeling of resentment towards her father were evoked by her mother. The speaker, herself, was not the victim of her father’s abusive behavior nonetheless she still hated him because that’s the only way she knew how to feel. These feelings are shown through the imagistic language used to reveal the acts of revenge on the father. When the mother finally divorced the father, â€Å"her kids loved it† (3-4). When the father was fired from his job, â€Å"we grinned inside† (5-6). The pleasure that the entire family took watching their father’s demise was quite vivid. â₠¬Å"We were tickled to think of your office   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   taken away, you’re secretaries taken away† (7-9). The finality of the father’s loses was shown by the taking away of his pencils and reams of paper at his job (11). The images used in the first 16 lines are very dark and gloomy and are associated with death. This is as if to represent the family’s way of â€Å"killing him through his loses. The suits that belonged to the father were depicted as â€Å"dark carcasses that hung in your closet† (13) and Olds specifically pointed out that even the noses of his shoes were black (14). After the first 16 lines of the poem, the feelings of hated by the spea... ...;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   poem reflects the speaker’s dissent and hatred of her father. She was expressing her anger, and when one is angered they tend to speak abruptly and choppy. As the speaker’s attitude towards her father changes, so does the punctuation in the poem. From line seventeen until the end of the poem there are no stops. There is only one period and that occurs in line 26. The poem definitely proceeds at a smoother pace. It shows that the speaker is calmer, and more relaxed. Her words flow together. Her feelings of rage and resentment to her father have subsided and feelings of sympathy and remorse have taken over. During the course of this poem the speaker has done a complete turnaround. The point of view she once held as a child has given way to a different one later in life. Her anger and hatred have turned into sympathy and regret. Olds effectively uses imagistic language and rhyme and rhythm to portray the speaker’s shift in tone. What she was taught as a child was not who she truly felt inside. Not only was her mother a victim, but her father was as well. She is able to overcome her hatred, and find her true feelings for her father later in life.

Learning Team C’s Weekly Summary Essay

During week 4 there were a bunch of discussions about organizational culture and how it was beneficial as well as how it can be a liability. Organizational culture could benefit an organization in many of ways; one way that it would benefit an organization is that it would allow its employees to be able to voice their opinions. They will not have to feel as if they aren’t apart of the organization. A liability would be that an organization may become institutionalized. Another topic that was discussed during the week was organizational structure and power and politics. Organizational structure is very beneficial to how things get done within an organization. By making sure that everyone has and role and knows what that role is then the organization can run smoothly. This in turn has a huge effect on employee behavior. I think that organizational structure has a huge effect on the morale of the company as well as the way employees are treated and how they do their jobs. Let’s say for example that the entry level employees at a company are doing all the work. They then turn that work into the managers who in turn submit it to the executive board. The board then gives praise to the managers and never acknowledges the employees who really did all the work. This can cause low morale. Not only can this cause low morale but it also overlooks and treats its entry level employees poorly. A way to combat this would be organizational structure. When it is clear from the bottom up who does what in the company then those who do all the leg work get recognized for the hard work that they do. These employees no longer feel as if they are unimportant within the company and they do their jobs better and at the end of the day they are treated with the respect that they deserve and they perform better at the job. Organizational Culture is the collective behavior of people that are part of an organization and includes the meanings of their actions while being part of that organization. this includes the values, visions, norms, working language, systems, symbols, beliefs and habits. It has a large impact on behavior. It could either have a positive impact or negative impact dependent on how the leadership uses culture in a corporation. If the culture is applied equally to the differences of those in the company it could help those of different backgrounds work with positive experiences. If a leader applies a cultural style that they adopted from another company it could work one of two ways. It could be effective and actually cause workers to work more effectively and with positive attitudes or it could bring down the overall morale of the company in how they work together and how they can cooperate with the leadership styles. Overall behavior is dependent on the effectiveness of the application of culture in the workplace. Power and Politics are necessary influences in most organizations today. Power is not a necessary evil and is most often contained within the position of authority. Politics is a little harder to describe. People often see it when an individual is attempting to influence a decision or position within an organization without a formal role or authority. In this paper I will analyze an organizational management and leadership practices that impact organizations. I will also provide a couple real-world examples of the relationships between power and politics and how this relates to management and leadership practices. This week in chapter 13 we learned about the influence of power and politics on behavior in the work place. Power is the capacity to influence behavior in accordance to ones wishes. To have the capacity to control human life you must control what they desire and ofcourse we know what that is, money. It’s the best control method there is. If you don’t listen you and your family will be starving on the street and you will lose your job. Seems like a pretty good control method to me. So basically chapter 13 confirms that money is power. Next it goes over the bases of power for example Formal Power is based on ones position in the actual organization. Coercive Power which is the power destroy threaten inflict pain and ruin peoples lives if the don’t listen to you, it’s a great form of power, probably the best. Reward Power which is the exact opposite Coercive Power because it is actually positive and rewards the employee instead of treating them as if they were a wage slave, it’s seldom used in our economy anymore but granted it’s still out there. Legitimate Power is in my best description just â€Å"raw† power. And Expert Power man if your an expert and you got those special wizard skills your a real expert you have some expert power. So which bases of power are the most effective? Hell well it depends on the group of humans you have available to reign over and control, it’s all about personality. And that is why we like to tap into their minds and find out what makes them tick, what’s important to them so we can use it as leverage etc. In the end it was a very good lesson and chap ter about power and exerting it. Chapter 15 discusses the foundations of organization structure. Organizational structure is how jobs are formally divided or grouped. There are six elements that compose the organizational structure, work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, centralization and formalization. The three common organizational designs are simple structure, which use a low degree of departmentalization, bureaucracy and matrix structure. A bureaucracy shows distinct characteristics such has routine operating task, formalized rules, tasks are broken-up and grouped by specific departments, centralized command and little control. Unlike the bureaucracy, the matrix structure uses two forms of departmentalization, the functional and the product. They use a dual chain of command and at times this type of command can lead to power struggles. Now-a-days new design options are available and decrease the amount of management that is found in the bureaucracy and the matrix structure. The virtual organization outsources many of the functions therefore one would find more centralization and less departmentalization. The boundaryless organizations want less chain of command and more team decision making. Organizational structures are classified as mechanistic, formalized and departmentalized, or organic, not very formally with high participation in decision making. Employee behavior can be impacted by the way that the organization is structure. For example, while work specialization can result in high productivities it does not necessarily have a high impact on an employee’s satisfaction. During week four chapter 16 was reviewed as well covering several key terms including organizational culture(s), subcultures, core values, organizational climate, institutionalization, socialization, rituals, material symbols, and workplace spirituality. However, as educational as chapter 16 was it did not provide any information that was difficult to understand. Furthermore, organizational culture was the term that made the most sense as it describes the way employees view an organization. This descriptive term is what sets one organization apart from the rest from an employee point of view. As a small business owner I need to be aware of how individuals view the quality of my work, and professionalism of my business. This will help me gain the attractiveness I may one day need if the time comes to hire employees.

Chapter Summaries: Characters Essay

Characters: Bruno, mother, father, Maria, Gretel, Lars What & Why: ï‚ · When nine-year-old Bruno comes home from school one day, he is surprised to find the maid, Maria, packing up all his belongings. He tries to remember if he has done anything â€Å"particularly naughty† in the past few days that would warrant him being sent away as a punishment. He asks his mother, â€Å"a tall woman with long red hair that she bundle[s] into a sort of net behind her head,† what is going on. He is somewhat relieved to notice that her things are being packed, too, by Lars the Butler. Bruno’s mother goes into the large dining room, where the Fury, accompanied by a beautiful blond woman, had come to dinner the week before. Bruno notices that Mother’s eyes are â€Å"more red than usual† as she tells him that the whole family will be going on â€Å"a great adventure.† Mother explains that the Fury has â€Å"big things in mind† for his father and is sending him to a place where there is â€Å"a very special job that needs doing.† Bruno has never been entirely sure what his father does; unlike his friends, whose fathers are ordinary workers like greengrocers or teachers or chefs, Bruno knows only that his father wears a â€Å"fantastic uniform† and that there are always other men in uniforms and women with typewriters visiting him in his office, which is â€Å"Out Of Bounds At All Times And No Exceptions.† Bruno’s discomfiture is intensified when he learns that the place to which they will be going is quite far away. The family’s house in Berlin will be closed up for the present, and Bruno will not be able to return to his school. Bruno is particularly upset that he will have to say goodbye to Karl and Daniel and Martin, who are his â€Å"three best friends for life.† When he protests, his mother first tries to reason with him. She says that in light of all the recent changes in the city, it might be safer if they move away. When this argument fails to convince Bruno, she snaps at him, telling him curtly, â€Å"We don’t have a choice in this.†  Disconsolate, Bruno goes upstairs, wondering whether their new home will be as nice as the one in which they are living now. Bruno loves their house in Berlin, which has five stories and a fine banister for sliding down. The  banister goes all the way from the very top floor, which has a window from which he can see clear across the city, to the ground floor, where he jumps off into the dining room. In between are the floors for the bedrooms (his parents’ and his and his sister’s rooms), and beneath the ground floor there is a cellar, where Cook prepares the family’s food. In Bruno’s estimation, the best thing about the house, in addition to the banister, is that Grandfather and Grandmother live nearby, and he wonders if they are coming along to the new place too. From downstairs, Bruno hears the sound of his parents arguing, but the voices cease suddenly when his father speaks â€Å"louder than Mother† can and the door to his father’s office closes loudly. Sadly, Bruno goes to his room to help Maria pack his things. When and Where: In Berlin the first day of the story Author’s intention: Chapter: This chapter is to introduce Bruno and his situation.

Biography of Kate Chase Sprague, Political Daughter

Biography of Kate Chase Sprague, Political Daughter Kate Chase Sprague (born Catherine Jane Chase; August 13, 1840–July 31, 1899) was a society hostess during the Civil War years in Washington, D.C. She was celebrated for her beauty, intellect, and political savvy. Her father was Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase, part of President Abraham Lincolns Team of Rivals, and later served as secretary of state and chief justice of the United States Supreme Court. Kate helped promote her fathers political ambitions before she became embroiled in a scandalous marriage and divorce. Fast Facts: Kate Chase Sprague Known For:  Socialite, daughter of a prominent politician, embroiled in a scandalous marriage and divorceAlso Known As:  Kate Chase, Katherine ChaseBorn:  August 13, 1840 in Cincinnati, OhioParents: Salmon Portland Chase and Eliza Ann Smith ChaseDied:  July 31, 1899 in Washington, D.C.Education: Miss Haines School, Lewis Heyl’s SeminarySpouse: William SpragueChildren: William, Ethel, Portia, Catherine (or Kitty)Notable Quote: â€Å"Mrs. Lincoln was piqued that I did not remain at Columbus to see her, and I have always felt that this was the chief reason why she did not like me at Washington.† Early Life Kate Chase was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on August 13, 1840.  Her father was Salmon P. Chase and her mother was Eliza Ann Smith, his second wife.   In 1845, Kate’s mother died, and her father remarried the next year.  He had another daughter, Nettie, with his third wife Sarah Ludlow. Kate was jealous of her stepmother and so her father sent her to the fashionable and rigorous Miss Haines School in New York City in 1846.  Kate graduated in 1856 and returned to Columbus. Ohio’s First Lady In 1849 while Kate was at school, her father was elected to the U.S. Senate as a representative of the Free Soil Party.  His third wife died in 1852, and in 1856 he was elected as Ohio’s governor.  Kate, at age 16, had recently returned from boarding school and became close to her father, serving as his official hostess at the governor’s mansion.  Kate also began serving as her father’s secretary and advisor and was able to meet many prominent political figures. In 1859, Kate failed to attend a reception for the wife of Illinois Senator Abraham Lincoln. Kate said of this occasion, â€Å"Mrs. Lincoln was piqued that I did not remain at Columbus to see her, and I have always felt that this was the chief reason why she did not like me at Washington.† Salmon Chase had a more momentous rivalry with Senator Lincoln, competing with him for the Republican nomination for president in 1860. Kate Chase accompanied her father to Chicago for the national Republican convention, where Lincoln prevailed. Kate Chase in Washington Although Salmon Chase had failed in his attempt to become president, Lincoln appointed him secretary of the treasury. Kate accompanied her father to Washington, D.C., where they moved into a rented mansion.  Kate held salons at the home from 1861 to 1863 and continued to serve as her father’s hostess and advisor. With her intellect, beauty, and expensive fashions, she was a central figure in Washington’s social scene. She was in direct competition with Mary Todd Lincoln. Mrs. Lincoln, as the White House hostess, had the position that Kate Chase coveted. The rivalry between the two was publicly noted. Kate Chase visited battle camps near Washington, D.C. and publicly criticized the president’s policies on the war. Suitors Kate had many suitors.  In 1862, she met newly elected Senator William Sprague from Rhode Island.  Sprague had inherited his family business in textile and locomotive manufacturing and was very wealthy. He had already been something of a hero in the early Civil War. He was elected Rhode Island’s governor in 1860 and in 1861, during his term in office, he enlisted in the Union Army. At the first Battle of Bull Run, he acquitted himself well. Wedding Kate Chase and William Sprague became engaged, though the relationship was stormy from the beginning. Sprague broke off the engagement briefly when he discovered Kate had had a romance with a married man. They reconciled and were married in an extravagant wedding at the Chase home on November 12, 1863. The press covered the ceremony.  A reported 500 to 600 guests attended and a crowd  also assembled outside the home. Sprague’s gift to his wife was a $50,000 tiara. President Lincoln and most of the cabinet attended. The press noted that the president arrived alone: Mary Todd Lincoln had snubbed Kate. Political Maneuvering Kate Chase Sprague and her new husband moved into her father’s mansion, and Kate continued to be the toast of the town and preside at social functions.  Salmon Chase bought land in suburban Washington, at Edgewood, and began to build his own mansion there. Kate helped advise and support her father’s 1864 attempt to be nominated over incumbent Abraham Lincoln by the Republican convention. William Sprague’s money helped support the campaign. Salmon Chase’s second attempt to become president also failed. Lincoln accepted his resignation as secretary of the treasury.  When Roger Taney died, Lincoln appointed Salmon P. Chase as chief justice of the Supreme Court. Early Marriage Troubles Kate and William Sprague’s first child and only son William was born in 1865.  By 1866, rumors that the marriage might end were quite public. William drank heavily, had open affairs, and was reported to be physically and verbally abusive to his wife. Kate, for her part, was extravagant with the family’s money. She spent lavishly on her father’s political career as well as fashion- even as she criticized Mary Todd Lincoln for her purported frivolous spending. 1868 Presidential Politics In 1868, Salmon P. Chase presided at the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson.  Chase already had his eye on the presidential nomination for later that year and Kate recognized that if Johnson was convicted, his successor would likely run as an incumbent, reducing Salmon Chase’s chances of nomination and election. Kate’s husband was among the senators voting on the impeachment. Like many Republicans, he voted for conviction, likely increasing tension between William and Kate.  Johnson’s conviction failed by one vote. Switching Parties Ulysses S. Grant won the Republican nomination for the presidency, and Salmon Chase decided to switch parties and run as a Democrat.  Kate accompanied her father to New York City, where the Tammany Hall convention did not select Salmon Chase. She blamed New York governor Samuel J. Tilden for engineering her father’s defeat. Historians deem it more likely that it was his support for voting rights for black men that led to Chases defeat.  Salmon Chase retired to his Edgewood mansion. Scandals and a Deteriorating Marriage Salmon Chase had become politically entangled with financier Jay Cooke, beginning with some special favors in 1862.  When criticized for accepting gifts as a public servant, Chase stated  that  a carriage from Cooke was actually a gift to his daughter. That same year, the Spragues built a massive mansion in Narragansett Pier, Rhode Island. Kate took many trips to Europe and New York City, spending heavily on furnishing the mansion. Her father wrote to her to caution her that she was being too extravagant with her husband’s money.  In 1869, Kate gave birth to her second child, this time a daughter named Ethel, though rumors of their deteriorating marriage increased. In 1872, Salmon Chase made yet another try for the presidential nomination, this time as a Republican.  He failed again and died the next year. More Scandals William Sprague’s finances suffered huge losses in the depression of 1873. After her father’s death, Kate began spending most of her time at her late fathers Edgewood mansion.  She also began an affair at some point with New York Senator Roscoe Conkling, with rumors spreading that her last two daughters were not her husband’s. After her father’s death, the affair became more and more public. With whispers of scandal, the men of Washington still attended many parties at Edgewood hosted by Kate Sprague. Their wives attended only if they had to. After William Sprague left the Senate in 1875, the attendance by the wives virtually ceased. In 1876, Kates paramour Senator Conkling was a key figure in the Senate’s deciding the presidential election in favor of Rutherford B. Hayes over Kate’s old enemy, Samuel J. Tilden. Tilden had won the popular vote. The Marriage Breaks Kate and William Sprague lived mostly separately, but in August of 1879, Kate and her daughters were at home in Rhode Island when William Sprague left on a business trip.  According to the sensational stories in the newspapers later, Sprague returned unexpectedly from his trip and found Kate with Conkling. Newspapers wrote that Sprague pursued Conkling into town with a shotgun, then imprisoned Kate and threatened to throw her out a second-floor window.  Kate and her daughters escaped with the help of servants and they returned to Edgewood. Divorce The next year, 1880, Kate filed for divorce. Pursuing a divorce was difficult for a woman under the laws of the time. She asked for custody of the four children and for the right to resume her maiden name, also unusual for the time. The case dragged on until 1882, when she won custody of their three daughters, with their son to remain with his father. She also won the right to be called Mrs. Kate Chase rather than using the name Sprague. Declining Fortune Kate took her three daughters to live in Europe in 1882 after the divorce was final. They lived there until 1886 when their money ran out, and she returned with her daughters to Edgewood. Chase began selling off the furniture and silver and mortgaging the home.  She was reduced to selling milk and eggs door to door to sustain herself.  In 1890, her son committed suicide at age 25, which caused Kate to become more reclusive. Her daughters Ethel and Portia moved out, Portia to Rhode Island and Ethel, who married, to Brooklyn, New York.  Kitty was mentally disabled and lived with her mother. In 1896, a group of admirers of Kate’s father paid the mortgage on Edgewood, allowing her some financial security.  Henry Villard, married to the daughter of abolitionist William Garrison, headed that effort. Death In 1899 after ignoring a serious illness for some time, Kate sought medical help for liver and kidney disease.  She died on July 31, 1899, of Bright’s disease, with her three daughters at her side. A U.S. government car brought her back to Columbus, Ohio, where she was buried next to her father.  Obituaries called her by her married name, Kate Chase Sprague. Legacy Despite her unhappy marriage and the devastation wrought on her reputation and clout by the scandal of her infidelity, Kate Chase Sprague is remembered as a remarkably brilliant and accomplished woman. As her fathers de facto campaign manager and as a central Washington society hostess, she wielded political power during the greatest crisis in United States history, the Civil War and its aftermath. Sources Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. Simon and Schuster, 2005.  Ishbel Ross. Proud Kate, Portrait of an Ambitious Woman. Harper, 1953.â€Å"Notable Visitors: Kate Chase Sprague (1840-1899).†Ã‚  Mr. Lincolns White House, www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/residents-visitors/notable-visitors/notable-visitors-kate-chase-sprague-1840-1899/.Oller, John. American Queen: The Rise and Fall of Kate Chase Sprague, Civil War â€Å"Belle of the North and Gilded Age Woman of Scandal. Da Capo Press, 2014

How Steroid Hormones Work in the Body

How Steroid Hormones Work in the Body Hormones are molecules produced and secreted by endocrine glands in the body. Hormones are released into the blood and travel to other parts of the body where they bring about specific responses from specific cells. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and are lipids of steroid hormones include the sex hormones (androgens, estrogens, and progesterone) produced by male and female gonads and hormones of the adrenal glands (aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens). Key Takeaways: Steroid Hormones Steroid hormones are fat-soluble molecules derived from cholesterol. They are produced by certain endocrine organs and glands and released into the bloodstream to reach target cells.Steroid hormones include sex hormones and adrenal gland hormones. Testosterone, estrogens, and cortisol are examples of steroid hormones.Steroid hormones act on cells by passing through the cell membrane, entering the nucleus, binding to DNA, and initiating gene transcription and protein production.Anabolic steroid hormones are synthetic molecules that mimic the action of testosterone. Illegal use and abuse of these hormones can lead to a number of negative health consequences. How Steroid Hormones Work Steroid hormones cause changes within a cell by first passing through the cell membrane of the target cell. Steroid hormones, unlike non-steroid hormones, can do this because they are fat-soluble. Cell membranes are composed of a phospholipid bilayer which prevents fat-insoluble molecules from diffusing into the cell. This is an illustration of lipid-soluble hormone binding and protein production in a cell. Â  OpenStax, Anatomy Physiology/Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Once inside the cell, the steroid hormone binds with a specific receptor found only in the cytoplasm of the target cell. The receptor bound steroid hormone then travels into the nucleus and binds to another specific receptor on the chromatin. Once bound to the chromatin, this steroid hormone-receptor complex calls for the production of specific RNA molecules called messenger RNA (mRNA) by a process called transcription. The mRNA molecules are then modified and transported to the cytoplasm. The mRNA molecules code for the production of proteins through a process called translation. These proteins can be used to build muscle. Steroid Hormone Mechanism of Action The steroid hormone mechanism of action can be summarized as follows: Steroid hormones pass through the cell membrane of the target cell.The steroid hormone binds with a specific receptor in the cytoplasm.The receptor bound steroid hormone travels into the nucleus and binds to another specific receptor on the chromatin.The steroid hormone-receptor complex calls for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, which code for the production of proteins. Types of Steroid Hormones This is a molecular model of the structure of the male sex hormone testosterone. Â  Pasieka/Oxford Scientific/Getty Images Steroid hormones are produced by the adrenal glands and gonads. The adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys and consist of an outer cortex layer and an inner medulla layer. Adrenal steroid hormones are produced in the outer cortex layer. Gonads are the male testes and female are the ovaries. Adrenal Gland Hormones Aldosterone: This mineralcorticoid acts on the kidneys promoting the absorption of sodium and water. Aldosterone aids in blood pressure regulation by raising blood volume and blood pressure.Cortisol: This glucocorticoid aids in metabolism regulation by stimulating the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources in the liver. Cortisol is also an important anti-inflammatory substance and helps the body deal with stress.Sex Hormones: The adrenal glands produce small amounts of the male sex hormone testosterone and the female sex hormone estrogen. Gonadal Hormones Testosterone: This male sex hormone is produced by the testes and in small amounts in the female ovaries. Testosterone is responsible for the development of male reproductive organs and male secondary sex characteristics.Estrogens: These female sex hormones are produced in the ovaries. They promote development of female sex characteristics and skeletal growth.Progesterone: This female sex hormone is produced in the ovaries and important for the production and maintenance of the uterine lining during pregnancy. Estrogen and progesterone levels also regulate the menstrual cycle. Anabolic Steroid Hormones Anabolic steroid hormones are synthetic hormones of the male androgen testosterone. Â  PhotosIndia.com/Getty Images Anabolic steroid hormones are synthetic substances that are related to the male sex hormones. They have the same mechanism of action within the body. Anabolic steroid hormones stimulate the production of protein, which is used to build muscle. They also lead to an increase in the production of testosterone. In addition to its role in the development of reproductive system organs and sex characteristics, testosterone is also critical in the development of lean muscle mass. Additionally, anabolic steroid hormones promote the release of growth hormone, which stimulates skeletal growth. Anabolic steroids have therapeutic use and may be prescribed to treat problems such as muscle degeneration associated with disease, male hormone issues, and late onset of puberty. However, some individuals use anabolic steroids illegally to improve athletic performance and build muscle mass. Abuse of anabolic steroid hormones disrupts the normal production of hormones in the body. There are several negative health consequences associated with anabolic steroid abuse. Some of these include infertility, hair loss, breast development in males, heart attacks, and liver tumors. Anabolic steroids also effect the brain causing mood swings and depression.

The European Invasion of North America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The European Invasion of North America - Essay Example The invasion of the European immigrants into North American forced the Native Americans to cope with the new environments, intercultural social relations and to a new environment in general. This paper will explore the kind of life the native residents of North America before the European Invasion, there life after the invasion, and how they coped with the new environment with reference to the book ‘The American People Creating a Nation and Society’ by Gary Nash and other authors. The Invasion Before the European invasion of North America, the natives had divisions of many different polities which involved bands of families to large business empires. Primordial paradise is the term used to refer to the lives of the Native Americans today. This effectively means that the native residents lived a life free from any restrictions. Before the invasion of the Europeans in North America, there was no clear evidence of Christianity among them. The broad generalization way of pai rs of philosophical principles leads to the quality of the native culture. The American Indian religion was wrapped together in a multidimensional cycle. These natives believed in the power of gods, performed and gave sacrifices to them in the belief that the gods were naturally supreme powered. This religion contributed towards peace and harmony among the native residents as they developed a sense of belonging towards the gods they worshipped. However, this does not necessarily mean that harmony was always maintained. Conflicts arose from various issues but were easily solved by the governance units that were already in place. Another remarkable feature of the Native American cultures was the degree of symbolic and moral convergence or homogeneity among the people who socially and geographically disparate. Perhaps this displays a common history and explains the fate that eventually ensued from the European invasion and the ultimate conquest for the bands and empires that were assoc iated with the native North Americans (Nash 108). The European invasions, as anyone would expect, caused more conflicts than they were before. The native residents were not ready to surrender that easily to the invaders. They had to stage up a fight in order to avoid losing the land they regarded to as a paradise to the European invaders. The Indians undoubtedly had to devise ways on how to cope or merge with the culture that came along with the European invaders. More importantly is to note that the European invasion brought along what they call the western civilizations even presently. Before their invasion as outlined in the second paragraph, the native residents worshipped gods. It was their way of religion, but after the European invasion, Christianity is widely spread as the major method of worship. The acceptance of the Native Americans showed towards Christianity as the religion means that the native Indians were not necessarily rebellious to the culture that was introduced by the European invasion (Nash 212). The different European nations that invaded the Indian Territory in North America made different approaches to invading North America. After the invasion of the French into North America, there is evidence that trade thrived fairly well between the French and the Native Americans. For instance, the French developed an interest in beaver